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Aqsh Reja: aqshning tarixi aqshning transporti va sanoati
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| Sana | 07.12.2022 | | Hajmi | 55.99 Kb. | | #33609 |
Bog'liq AQSG bahti Ishlab chiqarish texnologiyalari Raimboyev Alpomish, Elektrotexnika va elektronika TEST yangi, 4-20, YO’L HARAKATI QOIDALARI VA HARAKAT XAVFSIZLIGI ASOSLARI, KURS ISHI SRS-523 gr , 5-KURS-Mavzu, 1-amaliyot.kvadrat va kubik tenglamalar, 749, ozbek tilida publitsistik uslub, Lekciya 14 , l55444, 888855, у55555, 7788778
AQSh
Reja:
AQShning tarixi
AQShning transporti va sanoati
AQShning maorifi va madaniy-maʼrifiy muassasalari
1790-yil 16-iyulda AQSh konstitutsiyasiga muvofiq ravishda AQSh Kongressi poytaxt okrugi yaratish haqida qaror qabul qilgan. Shu sabab Kolumbiya okrugi hech qaysi shtatga kirmaydi. 1800-yilda hukumat muassasalari Filadelfiyadan Vashingtonga koʻchirilgan.
Okrugni tuzish uchun Maryland va Virginia shtatlari Potomac daryosi boʻylab oʻz yerlaridan joy berishgan. Lekin 1846-yil Kongres Virginiaga oʻz ulushini qaytarib bergan. Vashington shahriga 1791-yil avvaldan majvud boʻlgan Georgetown portining sharq tomonida mamlakatning poytaxti qilib asos solingan. Vashington shahriga ham, shtatiga ham AQShning birinchi prezidenti George Washingtonning (1732-1799) nomi berilgan.
1812-1814 yillardagi Angliya-Amerika urushida Vashington shahri katta zarar koʻrdi. Urushdan keyin qayta tiklandi.
Vashingtonda bir qancha muhim xalqaro konferensiyalar boʻlib oʻtgan va xalqaro bitimlar tuzilgan. 1942-yil yanvarda Vashingtonda 26 davlat deklaratsiyasi imzolandi. Bu deklaratsiyani imzolagan va uni quvvatlagan davlatlar „Birlashgan Millatlar“ nomini oldi. 1949-yil aprelda Shimoliy Atlantika shartnomasi tashkiloti (NATO) ham shu yerda imzolangan.
Vashington yirik transport yoʻllari tuguni. Shaharning janubi-gʻarbida daryo porti mavjud. Shahar joylashgan huddudda uch aeroport bor. Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Potomac daryosining nargi betida, Arlington, Virginiada joylashgan. Washington Dulles International Airport boʻlsa shahardan 42.3 kilometr masofada Virginianing Fairfax va Loudoun countylarida joylashgan. Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport boʻlsa 51 km masofoda Marylandning Anne Arundel countylarida joylashgan.
1933-yil 16-iyunda kuchga kirgan sanoatni qayta tiklash haqidagi qonun „Yangi yoʻnalish“ doirasidagi yana bir muhim tadbir boʻldi. Bu qonun sanoatning davlat tomonidan joriy qildi. Birinchi jahon urushi natijasida AQSh Dunyodagi etakchi davlatga aylanadi. Amerika kompaniyalari Yevropa mamlakatlariga ulkan miqdorda va yuqori narxlarda harbiy jihozlar, qurol -yaroq va oziq ovqat etkazib berdi. Koʻplab Yevropa mamlakatlari AQShdan urush olib borish uchun kredid oldilar va urushdan soʻng AQSh oldida qarzdor boʻlib qoldilar amerika kompaniyalari urush davrida jami 35 mlrd. dollar foyda koʻrishdi. 1933-yil 12-mayda fermerlarga yordam haqidagi qonun qabul qilindi. Ularning mahsulotlariga boʻlgan narxlarni oshirish zarur edi. Fermerlarga ekinzorlar maydonini va chorva turini qisqartirish haqida davlat bilan kontrakt tuzish taklif etildi. Buning uchun ularga mukofotlar berildi. Fermerlarning qarzlari davlat hisobiga qabul qilindi va nomaʼlum muddatga toʻxtatib qoʻyildi. Davlat yuzminglab fermerlarga kredit berdi. Norentabel fermalar tugatildi. „Yangi yoʻnalish“ AQShdagi ijtimoiy munosabatlarni liberallashtirish uchun ijtimoiy qonnunchilik sohasida muhim siljishni amalga oshirildi. 1935-yili AQSh Kongressi "Vagner qonuni " ni qabul qildi.Mazkur qonun boʻyicha ishchilar jamoaviy shartnomalar tuzish huquqiga va ish tashlash huquqiga ega boʻlishdi.Kasaba uyushmalari huquqlarining va ish tashlash huquqining tan olinganligi ishchilar sinfining oʻz saflari birligi uchun kurashiga yangi turtki berdi. Kasaba uyushmalari soni koʻpayib ketaboshladi. Tan olingan markaz — Amerika mehnat federatsiyasi bilan birga yangi kasaba uyushma tashkiloti — Ishlab chiqarish kasaba uyushmalari komiteti paydo boʻldi. Bu tashkilot 1938-yilda Ishlab chiqarish kasaba uyushmalari kongressi deb nomlandi. Ruzvelt Prezidentligi davrida ichki siyosatning liberallashtirilganligi tashqi siyosatda ham aks etdi. AQShning tashqi siyosati yanada moslashuvchan va haqqoniyroq boʻlib qoldi. Yangi maʼmuriyatning tashqi siyosatdagi birinchi yirik ishi — 1933-yil noyabrida Sovet Ittifoqi bbilan diplomatic munosabatlar oʻrnatilganligidir. Ikki mamlakat oʻrtasida munosabatlar meʼyorlashganligi ularning iqtisodiy aloqalarini faollashtirildi. 1935 va 1937-yillarda AQSh bilan SSSR oʻrtasida ikki mamlakatning oʻzaro foydali iqtisodiy munosabatlari rivojlanishiga imkon beruvchi savdo bitimlati tuzildi.Ruzvelt 1937-yil 5-oktabr kuni Chikagoda soʻzlagan nutqida agressorlar atrofida karantin oʻrnatishga chaqirdi. U fashistik davlatlarning bosqinchilik harakatlarini ham keskin qoraladi. 1939-yil 26-iyul kuni AQSh Yaponiya bilan savdo shartnomasini bekor qildi. 1939-yil 4-noyabrda Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlangandan soʻng betaraflik haqidagi qonun qayta koʻrib chiqildi va bu Angliya hamda Fransiyaga AQShdan qurol-yarogʻ sotib olish imkonini berdi.
AQSh milliy daromadining 66,3 % sanoatda hosil qilinadi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishning yarmiga yaqini sanoat korporatsiyalari qoʻlida. Ular orasida: „Ekson“, „Mobil“, „Teksako“, „Shevron“, „Standard oyl of Kaliforniya“, „Standard oyl of Indiana“, „Galf oyl“ neft, „Jeneral motore“, „Ford motor“, „Kraysler“ avtomobil, „IBM“, „Jeneral elektrik“, „ITT“ elektr mashinasozligi, „YU. S. Stil“ poʻlat quyish, „Dyupon de Nemur“ kimyo va boshqa korporatsiyalar bor. Harbiy sanoat korporatsiyalari orasida „Jeneral daynemiks“, „Lokxid“, „Makdonnel Duglas“, „Grumman“, „Xyuz eyrkraft“ yetakchi oʻrinni egallaydi. Avia-raketa-kosmik, energomashinasozlik, elektron, shuningdek neft kimyosi, atom va energetika sanoati gʻoyat tez suratlar bilan taraqqiy etmoqda. Elektr energiyaning 74 % issiqlik elektr stansiyalarida, 12,1 % GESlarda, 14,1 % AESlarda hosil qilinadi. Neft (Meksika qoʻltigʻi sohilidagi Galf, Kaliforniya, Alyaska), tabiiy gaz va oltingugurt (Galf), kumir (Appalachi va Markaziy havzalar), temir ruda (Yuqori koʻl atrofi), fosforit (Florida), uran, rangli metallar, kaliy tuzlari va sh.k. qazib olinadi. Qora metallurgiyaning asosiy markazlari — Chikago, Pittsburg, Detroyt, Klivlend, Buffalo, Baltimor, Filadelfiya. Alyuminiy sanoati Galf atrofida hamda Kolumbiya va Tennessi daryolari havzalarida joylashgan. Sanoatning yetakchi tarmogʻi — mashinasozlik va metallsozlik. Sanoat va energetika asbob-uskunalari, qurilish va qishloq xoʻjaligi mashinalari ishlab chiqarish asosan shimoli-sharqiy shtatlarda, elektrotexnika va aloqa vositalari ishlab chiqarish shimoli-sharq va Kaliforniyada Yoʻlga qoʻyilgan. Avtomobilsozlikning bosh markazi Detroyt shahri Samolyotlar, raketa va kosmik texnika ishlab chiqaruvchi zavodlar asosan Los-Anjeles, San-Diyego, Boston, Nyu-York, Filadelfiya, Baltimor, Buffalo, Dallas, Atlanta va boshqa shaharlarda joylashgan. Kemasozlik (asosan harbiy kemasozlik) AQSh shimoli-sharqiy sohili portlarida rivojlangan. Atom sanoatining asosiy markazlari — Ok-Rij, Padyuka, Portsmut, Eyken, Xanford. Kimyo sanoati ximikatlar, plastmassalar, kimyoviy tola, sintetik kauchuk, loklar, kir yuvish vositalari, boʻyoqlar, maʼdanli oʻgʻitlar va sh.k.ni ishlab chiqaradi. Mazkur tarmoq korxonalari asosan shimoli-sharqiy shtatlarda, Meksika qoʻltigʻi sohilidagi shaharlarda joylashgan. Harbiy sanoat asosan Kaliforniya, Nyu-York, Texas, Konnektikut, Missuri, Massachusets, Virginiya shtatlarida. Yengil sanoat tarmoqlaridan eng salmoklisi toʻqimachilik (koʻproq Shimoliy Karolina, Janubiy Karolina va Jorjiya shtatlarida) va tikuvchilik (Nyu-York va janubiy shtatlar). Charm-poyabzal sanoati yaxshi rivojlangan. Oziq-ovqat sanoati oʻz xom ashyosi bilan yaxshi taʼminlangan. Uning yetakchi tarmoqlari — goʻsht, sut, un, yogʻ, qand-shakar, konserva, alkogolli, alkogolsiz ichimliklar, tamaki.
Maorifi va madaniy-maʼrifiy muassasalari.
Milliy maorif tizimi mustaqillik uchun urush (1775-83)dan keyin qaror topa boshladi. 1852-yilda Massachusets shtati AQShda birinchi boʻlib majburiy boshlangʻich taʼlim toʻgʻrisida qonun qabul qildi. AQShdagi koʻpchilik shtatlarda 7-16 yoshdagi bolalar uchun oʻqish majburiyil Oʻrta maktabning turlari koʻp: 3-yillik kichik oʻrta maktab, 6-yillik birlashgan kichik va oʻrta, 4-yillik oʻrta maktab. Barcha variantdagi oʻrta maktablarda oʻqish muddati — 12-yil Oliy taʼlim tizimi universitetlarni, 4-yillik kollejlarni bundan tashqari toʻliq oliy maʼlumot bermaydigan 2-yillik kichik kollejlarni, hunar va texnika institutlarini oʻz ichiga oladi. Barcha oliy oʻquv yurtlarida taʼlim pulli. Eng yirik oliy oʻquv yurtlari: Garvard, Kaliforniya (Berkli shahrida), Viskonsin, Michigan, Illinoys, Kornell (Itaka shahrida), Kolumbiya, Prinston, Chikago, Pensilvaniya universitetlari, Kaliforniya, Stenford va Massachusets texnologiya institutlari. Yirik kutubxonalari: Kongress kutubxonasi (1800-yil tashkil etilgan), Nodir kitoblar va qoʻlyozmalar kutubxonasi, Milliy arxiv kutubxonasi, Milliy tibbiyot kutubxonasi, universitetlarning kutubxonalari, Los-Anjeles (1872-yil tashkil etilgan), Chikago (1872-yil tashkil etilgan), Boston (1852-yil tashkil etilgan), Nyu-York (1895-yil tashkil etilgan) xalq kutubxonalari va boshqa Mashhur muzeylari: AQSh Milliy muzeyi, Havoda uchish va kosmonavtika milliy muzeyi, Nafis sanʼat asarlari milliy kolleksiyasi, Milliy sanʼat galereyasi, Tarix va texnika milliy muzeyi, Milliy portret galereyasi (hammasi Vashingtonda), Hozirgi zamon sanʼat muzeyi, Metropoliten muzey, Amerika tabiatshunoslik tarixi muzeyi (Nyu-Yorkda), Boston nafis sanʼat muzeyi va boshqa
USA
Plan:
1. History of the United States
2. Transportation and industry of the United States
3. Education and cultural and educational institutions of the USA
On July 16, 1790, in accordance with the US Constitution, the US Congress decided to create a capital district. Therefore, the District of Columbia is not part of any state. In 1800, government offices were moved from Philadelphia to Washington.
Maryland and Virginia ceded land along the Potomac River to form the county. But in 1846, Congress returned its share to Virginia. The city of Washington was founded in 1791 as the capital of the country on the eastern side of the Georgetown harbor, which had been there since 1791. Both the city and state of Washington are named after the first president of the United States, George Washington (1732-1799).
During the Anglo-American War of 1812-1814, the city of Washington suffered great damage. It was restored after the war.
Several important international conferences were held in Washington and international agreements were concluded. In January 1942, 26 states signed a declaration in Washington. The countries that signed this declaration and supported it received the name "United Nations". In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was also signed here.
Washington is a major transportation hub. There is a river port in the southwest of the city. There are three airports in the area where the city is located. Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is located across the Potomac River in Arlington, Virginia. Washington Dulles International Airport is located 42.3 kilometers from the city in Fairfax and Loudoun counties of Virginia. Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is located 51 km away in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.
The Industrial Recovery Act, enacted on June 16, 1933, was another important New Direction event. This law was introduced by the state of the industry. As a result of the First World War, the United States becomes the leading country in the world. American companies supplied European countries with military equipment, weapons and food in huge quantities and at high prices. Many European countries received loans from the USA to fight the war, and after the war they became indebted to the USA. dollar profit. On May 12, 1933, the Law on Assistance to Farmers was passed. It was necessary to increase the prices of their products. Farmers were offered to conclude a contract with the state to reduce the area of cultivated fields and the type of livestock. They were awarded for this. Farmers' debts were taken over by the state and suspended for an indefinite period. The state gave loans to hundreds of thousands of farmers. Non-profitable farms were liquidated. "New direction" has made a significant shift in the field of social legislation to liberalize social relations in the United States. In 1935, the US Congress passed the "Wagner Act". According to this law, workers had the right to conclude collective agreements and the right to strike. The recognition of the rights of trade unions and the right to strike gave a new impetus to the struggle of the working class for the unity of its ranks. The number of trade unions began to increase. Along with the recognized center, the American Federation of Labor, a new trade union organization, the Committee of Manufacturing Trade Unions, appeared. This organization was named the Congress of Industrial Trade Unions in 1938. During Roosevelt's presidency, the liberalization of domestic policy was also reflected in foreign policy. US foreign policy has become more flexible and fair. The first major foreign policy work of the new administration was the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in November 1933. The normalization of relations between the two countries has intensified their economic relations. In 1935 and 1937, a trade agreement was signed between the USA and the USSR, which allowed the development of mutually beneficial economic relations between the two countries. In his speech in Chicago on October 5, 1937, Roosevelt called for a quarantine around the aggressors. He also strongly condemned the actions of the fascist states. On July 26, 1939, the United States canceled the trade agreement with Japan. After the outbreak of World War II on November 4, 1939, the Neutrality Act was revised, allowing Britain and France to purchase arms from the United States.
66.3% of US national income is generated in industry. About half of industrial production is in the hands of industrial corporations. Among them: Exxon, Mobil, Texaco, Chevron, Standard Oil of California, Standard Oil of Indiana, Gulf Oil, General Motors, Ford Motor Company, "Chrysler" car, "IBM", "General Electric", "ITT" electrical engineering, "YU. Steel foundry, Dupont de Nemours chemical and other corporations. "General Dynamics", "Lockheed", "McDonnell Douglas", "Grumman", "Hughes Aircraft" take the leading place among military industrial corporations. Aviation-rocket-space, power engineering, electronic, as well as petrochemical, atomic and energy industries are developing very quickly. 74% of electricity is produced in thermal power plants, 12.1% in hydroelectric power plants, 14.1% in NPPs. Oil (Gulf, California, Alaska), natural gas and sulfur (Gulf), coal (Appalachian and Central Basins), iron ore (Lake Superior area), phosphorite (Florida), uranium, non-ferrous metals, potassium salts, etc. .k. is mined. The main centers of ferrous metallurgy are Chicago, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Baltimore, Philadelphia. The aluminum industry is located around the Gulf and in the Columbia and Tennessee river basins. The leading branch of industry is machine-building and metallurgy. The production of industrial and energy equipment, construction and agricultural machinery is mainly located in the northeastern states, and the production of electrical engineering and communication equipment is located in the northeast and California. The main center of automobile industry is Detroit. Aircraft, rocket and space equipment manufacturing plants are mainly located in Los Angeles, San Diego, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Buffalo, Dallas, Atlanta and other cities. Shipbuilding (mainly military shipbuilding) developed in the ports of the northeastern coast of the United States. The main centers of nuclear industry are Oak Ridge, Paducah, Portsmouth, Aiken, Hanford. The chemical industry produces chemicals, plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber, varnishes, detergents, paints, mineral fertilizers, etc. These chain enterprises are located mainly in northeastern states, in cities along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The military industry is mainly in California, New York, Texas, Connecticut, Missouri, Massachusetts, Virginia. The most important light industries are textiles (more in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) and clothing (New York and southern states). The leather-shoe industry is well developed. The food industry is well supplied with its raw materials. Its leading industries are meat, milk, flour, oil, sugar, canned goods, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, tobacco.
Educational and cultural-educational institutions.
The national education system began to settle after the War of Independence (1775-83). In 1852, Massachusetts was the first state in the United States to pass a law on compulsory elementary education. Most states in the US have compulsory education for children ages 7-16. There are many types of high school: 3-year junior high school, 6-year combined junior high and high school, and 4-year high school. Length of study in secondary schools of all options is 12 years. The higher education system includes universities, 4-year colleges, as well as 2-year junior colleges that do not provide full higher education, vocational and technical institutes. Education in all higher educational institutions is paid. The largest institutions of higher education: Harvard, California (in Berkeley), Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Cornell (in Ithaca), Columbia, Princeton, Chicago, University of Pennsylvania, California, Stanford and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Major libraries: Library of Congress (founded 1800), Rare Book and Manuscript Library, National Archives, National Library of Medicine, University Libraries, Los Angeles (founded 1872), Chicago (founded 1872), Boston (Established 1852), New York (Established 1895) Public Libraries and Other Famous Museums: United States National Museum, National Air and Space Museum, National Collection of Fine Arts, National Gallery of Art, History and Technology National Museum, National Portrait Gallery (all in Washington), Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum, American Museum of Natural History (in New York), Boston Museum of Fine Arts and others.
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