drwx------ 8 root root 4096 Nov 4 21:31 .cache
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 4 21:31 .cinnamon
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Nov 4 20:46 .config
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47 Nov 4 21:31 .dmrc
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 .gconf
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 .gnupg
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 .local
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Sep 4 09:51 .profile
-rw------- 1 root root 1024 Sep 16 19:36 .rnd
-rw------- 1 root root 1092 Nov 4 21:33 .viminfo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20762 Nov 4 20:37 .xfce4-session.verbose-log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16415 Nov 4 20:29 .xfce4-session.verbose-log.last
-rw------- 1 root root 8530 Nov 4 21:31 .xsession-errors
-rw------- 1 root root 7422 Nov 4 21:31 .xsession-errors.old
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 4 20:06 .zenmap
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 Public
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 29 21:10 Videos
Starting in the left column, you can see the permissions. Unix has a simple set of per‐
missions. Each file or directory has a set of permissions that are associated with the
user owner, then a set of permissions associated with the group that owns the file, and
finally a set of permissions that belong to everyone else, referred to as the
world
.
Directories are indicated with a
d
in the very first position. The other permissions
available are read, write, and execute. On Unix-like operating systems, a program gets
the execute bit set to determine whether it’s executable. This is different from Win‐
dows, where a file extension may make that determination. The executable bit deter‐
mines not only whether a file is executable, but also who can execute it, depending on
which category the execute bit is set in (user, group, world).
