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RESEARCH ON ADVANCING EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY OF
PRODUCTION OF PERFUME SOAP BASED ON LOCAL RAW
MATERIALS
S.Sh.Musaev (Department of Food Technology, Master’s student),
D.T.Ruzmetova (Department of Food Technology, PhD),
U.B.Mavlanov (Department of Food Technology, teacher),
Sh.X.Bobojonova (Department of Food Technology, teacher),
Kh.R.Yuldosheva (Department of Food Technology, Master’s student),
J.Y.Shikhnazarov (Department of Food Technology, undergraduate)
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused serious global health
problems and severe acute respiratory problems that affect people’s qua-
lity of life. This pandemic has already caused extreme social, economic
and political upheavals around the world. (Zambrano-Monserrate, 2020;
Liu, 2021; Acrofi and Antwi, 2020; Teymourian, 2021). [1]. A syste-
matic review of measures to reduce respiratory virus infection has
shown that hand washing can reduce virus transmission by 45
‒55%.
(Jefferson, 2009; Brauer, 2020). As a sustainable factor, frequent and
proper hand washing with soap has become one of the key recommend-
dations to prevent the spread of coronavirus. (Anon, 2021e; Antwi,
2020; Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, 2021). The mechanical process of
washing hands with soap and water has become the “gold standard” for
removing the maximum amount of temporary and permanent microor-
ganisms from the hands (Foddai, 2016). There are two
types of soap
molecules: the hydrophilic polar head and the non-polar hydrophobic
tail, the hydrophobic side of which binds to the lipid shell of the
coronavirus and disrupts the lipid membrane of the virus. (Schmidt,
2020; Osman, 2020).
Various natural compounds, such as vegetable oils, plant and fruit
extracts, have been reported to have antimicrobial, antifungal
and anti-
oxidant properties (Masdar, 2020; Thirunavukkarasu, 2020; Ameh,
2013).
Soap as a cleaning agent is a chemical-based product developed on
the basis of agreed production standards, as well as designed to meet the
needs and requirements of consumers. In addition to cleaning properties,
good soap has good foaming, does not adversely affect the skin, has
physical and chemical stability, easy to wash from the skin and bath, has
a moderate erosion rate, homogeneous and
uniform structure, and other
properties such as crack resistance. (Friedman and Wolf, 1996). The
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main triglycerides (oils and fats) used in soap production are derived
from palm kernel oil, olive oil and coconut oil. (Hollstein and Spitz,
1982). Perfume soap is made by adding certain ingredients such as dyes,
fragrances and other additives. (Biermann, 1987). It is estimated that a
person uses 0.4 to 9 ml of soap for each hand wash (Larson, 1987).
Washing hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds is one
of the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for
protection against coronavirus. The mechanism of solubilization of the
lipid membranes of viruses cannot explain the complete inactivation of
viruses in such a short time. There should also be a way to explain how
to destroy a virus without inactivating it. Soap surfactant molecules
approach the target lipid membrane, which contains coronavirus proteins
and RNA, and form micelles. (Ke, 2020). When the
concentration of the
surfactant exceeds the critical value, micelles can form. Fatty acids, as
the main components of soap, play an important role in the formation of
the micellar structure, as hydrophobic segments capture the virus
through hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. When the non-polar
hydrophobic tails attach to the coronavirus cell, the hydrophilic polar
head of the soap forms a hydrogen bond with the surrounding water.
(Hanafy, 2018). The interaction between the
hydrophilic sides of the
micelle and the surrounding water causes serious disruption, allowing
the connected coronavirus cell to separate from the dead arm cells and
wash it away with a stream of water. Thus, virus cells are removed from
the surface with water without complete inactivation.The effectiveness
of washing hands with soap for a sufficient period of time plays an im-
portant role in preventing and controlling the spread of coronavirus and
other viruses. All of the above mechanisms can work simultaneously in
the eradication of coronavirus. Although the antimicrobial activity of
ordinary soap has almost no effect
on bacteria and viruses, their surface
activity function can effectively remove coronavirus from dead hand
cells by rubbing and rinsing hands thoroughly while washing with water
(Larson, and Committee, A.G, 1995; Organization, W.H, 2009).
Soap is the most widely used surfactant in household and personal
care in most developed countries. As mentioned above, surfactants can
be divided into two classes: natural and synthetic. The difference bet-
ween them is not in their washing ability, but in the oil or petrochemical
origin of the raw material (Tesser, 2020). Natural
soap is considered
natural if it contains vegetable oils and animal fats. Synthetic soaps are
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mainly based on petroleum raw materials (for example, sodium lauryl
sulfate (SLS), are not easily biodegradable, and have a high potential for
toxicity in water (Deleu and Paquot, 2004; Bilal and Iqbal, 2019).
From the above, it is clear that as a result of Covid-19, the demand
for detergents, especially natural perfume soaps, has increased signify-
cantly. The development of this industry in our country continues to this
day, mainly on the basis of semi-finished products imported from
abroad. However, If we look at the resolution adopted by the
President
of Uzbekistan in 2009 (
№ PQ-1048 “Producing finishing products,
components and materials locally based on industrial cooperation”), it
has prompted scientists to carry out research into the field concerned.
[3]. It is known that the main raw material of the oil and gas industry in
the country is cottonseed oil, which is contained in the fatty acids
derived from the oil produced from this raw material, as well as fatty
acids from gossypol cottonseed oil.This substance darkens the color of
the product and makes the smell of the raw material unacceptable for
hygienic means. For this reason, cottonseed oil fatty acids are still
considered unsuitable as a raw material for the production of perfume
soap. In recent years, research has been conducted on the adsorption
purification of cottonseed oil fatty acids, and significant
positive results
have been achieved [2].
