• INTRODUCTION 6 I. THE WEST: THE MASTER RACE (1861-1900) 7 1.THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 8 2. BISMARCK AND THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY 18
  • 7. NIETZSCHE AND THE NEW GERMANY 54 8. A JEWISH WORLD GOVERNMENT 71 9. MOSES HESS AND THE PROTO-ZIONISTS 77
  • 13. FUNDAMENTALISM VS. LIBERALISM IN AMERICA 109 14. THE FOUNDING OF ZIONISM 115 II. THE EAST: THE GOD-CHOSEN RACE (1861-1900) 126
  • 18. THE REVOLUTIONARIES 151
  • 19. DOSTOYEVSKY ON PAPISM AND SOCIALISM 161 20. PORTENTS OF THE ANTICHRIST 166 21. THE JEWS UNDER ALEXANDER II 173
  • 25. LALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE 213 26. DOSTOYEVSKY ON RUSSIA 218 27. DOSTOYEVSKY, KATKOV AND LEONTIEV 227
  • 31. VLADIMIR SOLOVIEV AND THE TEMPTATION OF CATHOLICISM 257 32. POBEDONOSTSEV ON CHURCH AND STATE 268 33. POBEDONOSTSEV ON DEMOCRACY 276
  • An essay in universal history




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    AN ESSAY IN UNIVERSAL HISTORY
    From an Orthodox Christian Point of View

    Part 4: THE AGE OF EMPIRE (1861-1914)

    Volume 1: from 1861 to 1900

    Vladimir Moss

    © Copyright: Vladimir Moss, 2016. All Rights Reserved.

    When I consent to be a Republican, I do evil, knowing that's what I do... I say Long live Revolution! As I would say Long live Destruction! Long live Expiation! Long live Punishment! Long live Death!

    Charles Baudelaire (1866).


    His undoing will not be the earthly sword which he possessed for so many years, but the fatal saying that 'Freedom of conscience is a delirium'.

    F.I. Tiutchev on Pope Pius IX.


    European politics in the nineteenth century fed on the French Revolution. No idea, no dream, no fear, no conflict appeared which had not been worked through in that fateful decade: democracy and socialism, reaction, dictatorship, nationalism, imperialism, pacifism.

    Golo Mann, The History of Germany since 1789 (1996).


    The Jewish people has rejected Christ, the true Mediator and Messiah, and therefore has excluded itself from history. Instead the Germans have become God's chosen people.

    Constantin Frantz (1870s).


    [The Jews] are at the root of the revolutionary socialist movement and of regicide, they own the periodical press, they have in their hands the financial markets; the people as a whole fall into financial slavery to them; they even control the principles of contemporary science and strive to place it outside of Christianity.

    Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky (1879).
    This is the final struggle. Let us come together and tomorrow the International will be the human race. There are no supreme redeemers, no god, no Caesar, no tribune. Workers, let us make our own salvation.

    Eugène Pottier, L'Internationale.


    It is neither blindness nor ignorance that ruins nations and states. Not for long do they ignore where they are heading. But deep inside them is a force at work, favoured by nature and reinforced through habit, that drives them forward irresistibly as long as there is still any energy in them. Divine is he who controls himself. Most humans recognize their ruin, but they carry on regardless...

    Leopold von Ranke.
    The Lord and Master of the money markets of the world, and of course virtually Lord and Master of everything else. He literally held the revenues of Southern Italy in pawn, and Monarchs and Ministers of all countries courted his advice and were guided by his suggestions.

    Benjamin Disraeli, Former British Prime Minister, on Nathan Mayer Rothschild.



    INTRODUCTION 6

    I. THE WEST: THE MASTER RACE (1861-1900) 7

    1.THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 8

    2. BISMARCK AND THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY 18

    THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE 22

    4. THE PARIS COMMUNE 27

    5. THE SECOND REICH 34

    6. THE RISORGIMENTO AND THE FALL OF THE PAPAL STATE 44

    7. NIETZSCHE AND THE NEW GERMANY 54

    8. A JEWISH WORLD GOVERNMENT? 71

    9. MOSES HESS AND THE PROTO-ZIONISTS 77

    10. THE WESTERNIZATION OF JAPAN 89

    11. THE ZENITH OF IMPERIALISM 95

    12. IMPERIALISM AND CIVILIZATION 103

    13. FUNDAMENTALISM VS. LIBERALISM IN AMERICA 109

    14. THE FOUNDING OF ZIONISM 115

    II. THE EAST: THE GOD-CHOSEN RACE (1861-1900) 126

    15. RUSSIA IN ASIA 127

    16. RUSSIA IN AMERICA 133

    17. “THE NEW MAN" 136

    17. THE EMANCIPATION OF THE SERFS 140

    18. THE REVOLUTIONARIES 151

    In about 1870, writes Richard Pipes, “radical youths became increasingly interested in the newly emancipated peasant. The leading theoretical lights of this period, Michael Bakunin and Peter Lavrov, called on young people to abandon universities and go to the village. Bakunin wished them to carry the message of immediate rebellion. He believed that the muzhik [peasant] was a born anarchist, and only a spark was needed to set the countryside on fire. That spark was to be carried by the intelligentsia in the form of revolutionary ‘agitation’. Lavrov adopted a more gradual approach. Before he would turn into a revolutionary, the Russian peasant needed exposure to ‘propaganda’ which would enlighten him about the injustices of the Emancipation Edict, about the causes of his economic predicament, and about the collusion between the propertied classes, the state and the church. Inspired by these ideas, in the spring of 1874 several thousand youths quit school and went ‘to the people’. Here disappointment awaited them. The muzhik, known to them largely from literary descriptions and polemical tracts, would have nothing to do with idealistic students come to save him. Suspecting ulterior motives… he either ignored them or turned them over to the rural constabulary. But even more disappointing than the peasants’ hostility, which could be explained away by his ignorance, were his ethics. Some radical youths scorned property because they came from propertied backgrounds: they associated concern for wealth with their parents, whom they rejected. Hence they idealized the rural commune and the artel. The muzhik, living from hand to mouth, looked at the matter quite differently. He desperately wanted to acquire property… The intellectuals could indulge in talk of selfless brotherhood because, being supported by their families or the government (by means of stipends), they were not required to compete with one another. The muzhik, however, was always competing for scarce resources… 156



    19. DOSTOYEVSKY ON PAPISM AND SOCIALISM 161

    20. PORTENTS OF THE ANTICHRIST 166

    21. THE JEWS UNDER ALEXANDER II 173

    22. THE EASTERN QUESTION, PAN-HELLENISM AND PAN-SLAVISM 183

    23. THE GRECO-BULGARIAN SCHISM 196

    24. AT THE GATES OF CONSTANTINOPLE 205

    25. L'ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE 213

    26. DOSTOYEVSKY ON RUSSIA 218

    27. DOSTOYEVSKY, KATKOV AND LEONTIEV 227

    28. THE TSAR AND THE CONSTITUTION 237

    29. THE JEWS UNDER ALEXANDER III 243

    30. RUSSIA AND THE BALKANS 251

    31. VLADIMIR SOLOVIEV AND THE TEMPTATION OF CATHOLICISM 257

    32. POBEDONOSTSEV ON CHURCH AND STATE 268

    33. POBEDONOSTSEV ON DEMOCRACY 276

    34. THE REIGN OF TSAR ALEXANDER III 281

    35. TOLSTOY AND THE VOLGA FAMINE 286

    36. TSAR NICHOLAS II 290

    37. RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY 295




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