IX.
C
ONCLUSION
This paper has first conducted the deeper survey on the
Blockchain technology in terms of overview,
consensus
algorithms, smart contract and cryptography for Blockchain.
It has presented the history of Blockchain, compared five most
common consensus algorithms and one most different
consensus algorithm in as many details and as much
quantitative as possible.
Public key cryptography, Zero-
Knowledge Proof and hash functions used in Blockchain have
been described in details for integrity, authentication,
nonrepudiation, and payment address required in Blockchain
systems. This paper has then
listed the comprehensive
applications of Blockchain. It has further presented the rich
information and comparisons of eight cryptocurrencies as the
first Blockchain application, supply chain as a widely use case
and Smart Dubai Office as a first whole government service
application. Further, the security
on Blockchain itself is a
focus in this paper. It has described the comprehensive
security risks categories based on Top 10 Web Application
Security Risks, low level risks and high level risks. It has
surveyed many real attacks and bugs on Blockchain systems
and listed out their root causes. The paper has then presented
the security measures in areas of security analysis, detecting
malicious codes & bugs,
software codes security, privacy
preserving, and so on. Specially,
it has presented and
compared eleven smart contract bytecode vulnerability
analysis tools. Finally, the challenges and research trends have
been presented to build more scalable and securer Blockchain
systems for the massive deployments.
We hope that our effort will help someone to understand
the Blockchain technology and Blockchain security issues.
The users who use Blockchain to do the transactions will pay
more attention on the security of Blockchain itself. We also
expect that the researchers will benefit from our study for their
further research in developing
Blockchain technology and
addressing Blockchain security issues.
R
EFERENCES
[1]
M. V. M. P. K. D. F. A. a. M. H. R. M. S. Ali,
"Applications of blockchains in the internet of things: A
comprehensive survey,"
IEEE Communications Surveys
