FIGURE 9: Before a habit is learned (A), dopamine is released when the
reward is experienced for the first time. The next time around (B),
dopamine rises
before taking action, immediately after a cue is
recognized. This spike leads to a feeling of desire and a craving to take
action whenever the cue is spotted. Once a habit is learned, dopamine
will not rise when a reward is experienced because you already expect
the reward. However, if you see a cue and expect a reward, but do not
get one, then dopamine will drop in disappointment (C). The sensitivity of
the dopamine response can clearly be seen when a reward is provided
late (D). First, the cue is identified and dopamine rises as a craving
builds. Next, a response is taken but the reward does not come as quickly
as expected and dopamine begins to drop. Finally, when the reward
comes a little later than you had hoped, dopamine spikes again. It is as if
the brain is saying, “See! I knew I was right. Don’t forget to repeat this
action next time.”
Your brain has far more neural circuitry allocated for
wanting rewards
than for
liking them. The wanting centers in the brain are large: the brain
stem, the nucleus accumbens, the ventral tegmental area, the dorsal
striatum, the amygdala, and portions of the prefrontal cortex. By
comparison, the liking centers of the brain are much smaller. They are often
referred to as “hedonic hot spots” and are distributed like tiny islands
throughout the brain. For instance, researchers have found that 100 percent
of the nucleus accumbens is activated during wanting. Meanwhile, only 10
percent of the structure is activated during liking.
The fact that the brain allocates so much precious space to the regions
responsible for craving and desire provides further evidence of the crucial
role these processes play. Desire is the engine that drives behavior. Every
action is taken because of the anticipation that precedes it. It is the craving
that leads to the response.
These insights reveal the importance of the 2nd Law of Behavior
Change. We need to make our habits attractive because it is the expectation
of a rewarding experience that motivates us to act in the first place. This is
where a strategy known as temptation bundling comes into play.
