ADBI Working Paper 904
Y. Dosmagambet et al.
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financial market risks, and the oil-related CDS sectors. In their study, they examined the
volatility transmission mechanism across the oil and financial markets and the CDS
sectors using the volatility impulse response model. They found that the Lehman
Brothers’ bankruptcy had destabilizing effects on all oil-related sectors. Their findings
also showed that all oil market-related shocks have significant risk transmission
effects on the financial market. Pavlova, de Boyrie, and Parhizgari (2018) studied the
dynamic spillover of crude oil prices and volatilities on the sovereign risk premia of
ten oil-exporting countries. Their results indicated a 4%–31% directional spillover from
crude oil prices to sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads. Venezuela, Colombia,
the Russian Federation, and Mexico are the top recipients of crude oil shocks. The effect
of political variables and aggregate demand and supply shocks are relatively smaller
than the oil-specific shocks.
In 2008, the abrupt decline in the oil price damaged the creditworthiness. The global
economic condition affected the risk level and credit rating as the increased CDS spread
during the period shows. Most of the negative correlation could be explained by the
tendency of the CDS spread and the oil price to react in the opposite direction to common
factors, including changes in the global demand, risk aversion, and overall uncertainty.
Hilscher and Nosbusch (2010) found that rating premiums occur when the predictions of
economic fundamentals are more balanced. It may be that soaring oil revenues,
particularly for oil-exporting countries, generate a source of more easily obtained
revenue and that what is observable in this circumstance is another version of a “stability
premium” or a channel through which that premium can operate. Oil revenue may also
enhance a country’s ability to obtain improved access to capital markets.
Hill, Brooks, and Faff (2010) showed that the market premium may affect credit ratings.
A mixture of mechanisms, which increased oil revenue caused, may be operating. Being
a net oil exporter increases the ability of a country to meet its external debts
and obligations. Therefore, it should be one of the major determinants of a country’s
credit rating.
Another factor that can influence SMEs’ financial side is a currency value in front of
foreign currencies or the exchange rate. Nomura Securities presented an analysis of
developing countries that are susceptible to currency crises (Nomura 2018). The
so-called Damocles index (by analogy with the Sword of Damocles in the ancient Greek
myth) ranks 30 emerging markets (countries) by their degree of exposure to currency
crises. The index is based on 13 calculation indicators, taking into account such
macroeconomic indicators as the size of foreign exchange reserves, external debt,
imports, budget deficit, current accounts, and so on, which together predict the risk of a
currency crisis in the country in the next 12 months. Nomura’s presented analysis
identified a number of countries with a very low risk of currency shocks: Brazil, Indonesia,
the Russian Federation, and Kazakhstan. The authors of the report noted
a significant decrease in the risk of currency shocks in Kazakhstan in comparison
with the pre-crisis period against the backdrop of economic recovery and prudent
macroeconomic policies. The economy of Kazakhstan recovered from the oil shock of
2014 thanks to a floating exchange rate, prudent macroeconomic policies, the restoration
of oil prices, and the return of economic growth in the Russian Federation. As a result,
the value of the Damocles index fell to zero, which indicates an extremely low currency
risk.