Radar
IMO/MSC.192(79), Performance Standards for Radar Equipment, 6 December 2004
This Performance Standard applies to all shipborne radar installations, used in any configuration, as mandated by the 1974 SOLAS Convention, regardless of the:
type of ship
frequency band in use
type of display
As described in Section 1 (Scope of Equipment):
Radar equipment should assist in safe navigation and in avoiding collision by providing an indication, in relation to own ship, of the position of other surface craft, obstructions and hazards, navigation objects and shorelines.
For this purpose, radar should provide the integration and display of radar video, target tracking information, positional data derived from own ship’s position (EPFS) and geo-referenced data.
The integration and display of AIS information should be provided to complement radar. The capability of displaying selected parts of Electronic Navigation Charts and other vector chart information may be provided to aid navigation and for position monitoring.
The radar, combined with other sensor or reported information (e.g. AIS), should improve the safety of navigation by assisting in the efficient navigation of ships and protection of the environment by satisfying the following functional requirements:
-in coastal navigation and harbour approaches, by giving a clear indication of land and other fixed hazards;
-as a means to provide an enhanced traffic image and improved situation awareness;
- in a ship-to-ship mode for aiding collision avoidance of both detected and reported hazards;
- in the detection of small floating and fixed hazards, for collision avoidance and the safety of own ship; and
- in the detection of floating and fixed aids to navigation.
IEC 62388, Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems –Shipborne radar – Performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results, 13 December 2007
This standard specifies the minimum operational and performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results conforming to performance standards specified in IMO in Resolution MSC.192(79). The covers the testing of all SOLAS shipborne radar equipment. Individual equipment may be tested for a specific category of vessel. It also provides a summary of the categories and basic differential capabilities for each category.
IMO resolution A.823(19), Performance Standards for automatic radar plotting aids, 23 November 1995 (valid for equipment installed on or before 1 July 2008)
This performance standard deals with the use of Automatic Radar Plotting Aids (ARPA) to improve the standard of collision-avoidance at sea:
- reduce[ing] the workload of observers by enabling them automatically to obtain information about plotted targets, so that they can perform as well with several separate targets as they can by manually plotting a single target; and
- provide[ing] continuous, accurate and rapid situation evaluation.
The two sections that contain specific guidance related to presentation or display of ARPA are:
Section 3.4 – [ARPA] Display
Section 3.5 – Operational Warnings
Appendix 1 – Definitions of Terms to be used in Connection with ARPA Performance Standards
AIS
MSC.74(69), Annex 3, Performance Standards for a Universal Shipborne Automatic Identification System(AIS), 19 May 1998
These performance standards specify the requirements for AIS. It should improve the safety of navigation by assisting in the efficient navigation of ships, protection of the environment, and operation of Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), by satisfying the following functional requirements:
in a ship-to-ship mode for collision avoidance;
as a means for littoral States to obtain information about a ship and its cargo; and
as a VTS tool, i.e. ship-to-shore (traffic management).
In practice, AIS should be capable of providing to ships and to competent authorities, information from the ship, automatically and with the required accuracy and frequency, to facilitate accurate tracking.
IMO resolution A.917(22), Guidelines for the Onboard Operational Use of Shipborne Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), 25 January 2002 (Amended by Res. A.956(23), 23 2003)
These Guidelines were developed to promote the safe and effective use of shipborne Automatic Identification Systems (AIS). In particular, they are intended to inform the mariner about the operational use, limits and potential uses of AIS. However, these guidelines apply both to shipborne and shore-based users. The Guidelines are intended to assist the user to become familiar with the operation of the equipment, including the correct interpretation of the displayed data.
IMO SN/Circ.217, Display of AIS Target Information, 11 July 2001
This guideline deals with the graphical presentation and display of AIS target data in stand-alone or integrated navigational aids or systems. Operational requirements are described in terms of:
This standard was issued as an interim performance guideline, and may be replaced by new guidance once more operational experience is gained.
IMO SN/Circ.236, Guidance of the Application of AIS Binary Messages, 28 May 2004
AIS can also be used as a means to communicate Binary Messages for certain types of specific applications. Binary Messages may be either ‘Addressed’ or ‘Broadcast’. These messages are different from Addressed Safety Related Messages and Broadcast Safety Related Messages both of which allow the exchange of format-free ASCII-text. Binary Messages may provide a variety of capabilities for pre-defined information packages. For example, they may permit:
ships to report information to other ships and shore stations,
shore stations to report navigation information, conditions and warnings, and simplified ship reporting.
This standard includes seven (7) types of messages that were to be used during a four-year trial period. This standard was superseded by IMO SN.1/Circ.289.
IMO SN.1/Circ.289, Guidance on the Use of AIS Application-Specific Messages, 2 June 2010
Formerly called AIS Binary Messages, AIS Application-Specific Messages (ASMs) are transmitted and received by shipborne mobile AIS devices and AIS base stations. Shore-based stations can receive AIS Application-Specific Messages and distribute them to shore-based users. Over 19 AIM message types are described capable to conveying a wide range of hydrographic, meteorological, VTS, area notice, and route information.
It should be noted that the display capability of AIS ASMs is not part of the mandatory functions of the Minimum Keyboard and Display (MKD). The display of the information transmitted by AIS Application-Specific Messages requires external hardware and dedicated software in addition to the AIS equipment (e.g., and ECDIS or ECS display). The generation and transmission of AIS Application-Specific Messages also requires dedicated software and suitable equipment for entering the information.
IMO SN.1/Circ.290, Guidance for the Presentation and Display of AIS Application-Specific Message information, 2 June 2010
This standard provides general guidance on the presentation and display of AIS ASMs that are contained in IMO SN.1/Circ.289. Similar to these IALA Guidelines, it lists various types of shipborne equipment (and their associated standards) that could be used to display AIS ASMs. In addition to describing some guiding principles, this standard provides a number of portrayal examples for AIS ASMs.
INS
IMO Resolution MSC.86(70), Annex 3, (Valid for equipment installed on or before 1 Jan 2011)
IMO Resolution MSC.252(83), Performance Standards for an Integrated Navigation System (INS), 8 October 2007 (Valid for equipment installed on after 1 Jan 2011)
An Integrated navigation systems (INS) is to enhance the safety of navigation by providing integrated and augmented functions to avoid geographic, traffic and environmental hazards. By combining and integrating functions and information the INS provides “added value” for the operator to plan, monitor and/or control safety of navigation and progress of the ship. The INS supports [current operational] mode and situation awareness. The INS aims to ensure that, by taking human factors into consideration; the workload is kept within the capacity of the operator in order to enhance safe and expeditious navigation and to complement the mariner's capabilities, while at the same time to compensate for their limitations. INS tasks that have particular relevance to VTS and other shore-based operations include:
route monitoring
collision avoidance
alert management
special manoeuvres
Functional requirements for INS displays include:
All essential information should be displayed clearly and continuously.
Additional navigational information may be displayed, but should not mask, obscure or degrade essential information required for the display by its primary task, as specified in this performance standards.
The INS should be capable of displaying data available from the sensors.
The information should be displayed together with the indication of its source (sensor data, result of calculation or manual input), unit of measurement and status, including mode.
Display and update of essential information available in the equipment as well as safety-related automatic functions should not be inhibited due to operation of the equipment.
Default display configurations and operational modes including user-defined display modes (i.e., pre-defined or user defined).
Mode and status awareness
Information display
Guidance is also given related to Human Machine Interface (HMI).
IEC 61294 -2, Integrated Navigation Systems (INS) – Operational and performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results, 2009
This standard specifies the minimum requirements for the design, manufacture, integration, methods of testing and required test results for an integrated navigation system (INS) to comply with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements of Resolution MSC 252(83). Specific guidance related to presentation and display considerations is provided in:
Section 6.4 - Functional requirements for displays of INS
Section 6.5 - Human Machine Interface (HMI)
Section 7 (Module C) - Alert Management
Annex D – Display Default Configurations
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Examples of New Applications or Systems that May be e-navigation Related
The following is a summary of some e-navigation portrayal examples that were compiled in conjunction with the preparation of this Guideline. Some appear to be good examples, while others less so. The purpose of this compilation is not to pass judgment. Instead, the intent is to provide examples of what should be considered in the development and implementation of e-navigation.
What is provided are single-page summaries, including extracts and a small thumbnail picture. More detail on each summary as well as a higher resolution image (i.e., portrayal example) can be found on the companion web site at: http://www.e-navigation.net
e-Navigation.net Web Site
The collection of e-navigation related portrayal examples will continue on the companion web site, thus making this Annex and website a living document. In the near term, the web site will be maintained though the Danish Maritime Authority. Interested parties are encouraged to send in portrayal examples though an interface on the web site. A small, volunteer editorial group16 will provide passwords for submitters, and provide oversight to ensure that submissions are complete.
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Template for IALA e-Nav Portrayal Website
1. Submitting Organization
2. Point-of-Contact
Name
e-mail address
3. Brief Description (PP Pres or 1-2 page info paper)
- Display type (such as RADAR, ECDIS, ECS or Head-up display)
4. Functional Capabilities (types of data information content)
5. Intended Purpose (including benefits)
6. Portrayal examples (means or methods of portrayal)
a) good examples
b) lessons-learned
c) some concerns
7. Last edited (date)
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