• Upgrading Packages
  • L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h




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    Updating Packages
    Software repositories will be periodically updated with new software or new 
    versions of existing software. These updates don’t reach you automatically, 
    so you have to request them in order to apply these updates to your own sys-
    tem. Updating isn’t the same as upgrading: updating simply updates the list 
    of packages available for download from the repository, whereas upgrading 
    will upgrade the package to the latest version in the repository.
    You can update your individual system by entering the 
    apt-get
    c ommand 
    followed by the keyword 
    update
    . This will search through all the packages on 
    your system and check whether updates are available. If so, the updates are 
    downloaded (see Listing 4-5).
    kali >apt-get update
    Get:1 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling InRelease [30.5kb]
    Get:2 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 Packages [14.9MB]
    Get:3 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling non-free amd64 Packages [163kb]
    Get:4 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/contrib amd64 Packages [107 kB]
    Fetched 15.2 MB in 1min 4s (236 kB/s)
    Reading package lists... Done
    Listing 4-5: Updating all out-of-date packages with apt-get update
    The list of available software in the repository on your system will be 
    updated. If the update is successful, your terminal will state 
    Reading package


    Adding and Removing Software
    43
    lists... Done
    , as you can see in Listing 4-5. Note that the name of the reposi-
    tory and the values—time, size, and so on—might be different on your 
    system.
    Upgrading Packages
    To upgrade the existing packages on your system, use 
    apt-get upgrade

    Because upgrading your packages may make changes to your software, you 
    must be logged in as root before entering 
    apt-get upgrade
    . This command 
    will upgrade every package on your system that apt knows about, meaning 
    only those stored in the repository (see Listing 4-6). Upgrading can be 
    time-consuming, so you might not be able to use your system for a while.
    kali >apt-get upgrade
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree... Done
    Calculating upgrade... Done
    The following packages were automatically installed and no longer required:
    --snip--
    The following packages will be upgraded:
    --snip--
    1101 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 318 not upgraded.
    Need to get 827 MB of archives.
    After this operation, 408 MB disk space will be freed.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
    Listing 4-6: Upgrading all out-of-date packages with apt-get upgrade
    You should see in the output that your system estimates the amount of 
    hard drive space necessary for the software package. Go ahead and enter 
    Y
    if you want to continue and have enough hard drive space for the upgrade.

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    L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

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