• Changing Permissions with Decimal Notation
  • L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h




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    linuxbasicsforhackers

    Changing Permissions
    We can use the Linux command 
    chmod
    (or change mode) to change the per-
    missions. Only a root user or the file’s owner can change permissions. 
    In this section, we use 
    chmod
    to change permissions on hashcat.hcstat 
    using two different methods. First we use a numerical representation of 
    permissions, and then we use a symbolic representation.
    Changing Permissions with Decimal Notation
    We can use a shortcut to refer to permissions by using a single number 
    to represent one 
    rwx
    set of permissions. Like everything underlying the 


    Controlling File and Directory Permissions
    53
    operating system, permissions are represented in binary, so ON and OFF 
    switches are represented by 1 and 0, respectively. You can think of the 
    rwx
    permissions as three ON/OFF switches, so when all permissions are 
    granted, this equates to 111 in binary.
    A binary set like this is then easily represented as one digit by convert-
    ing it into octal, an eight-digit number system that starts with 0 and ends 
    with 7. An octal digit represents a set of three binary digits, meaning we 
    can represent an entire 
    rwx
    set with one digit. Table 5-1 contains all possible 
    permission combinations and their octal and binary representatives.
    Table 5-1: 
    Octal and Binary
    Representations of Permissions
    Binary
    Octal
    rwx
    000
    0
    ---
    001
    1
    --x
    010
    2
    -w-
    011
    3
    -wx
    100
    4
    r--
    101
    5
    r-x
    110
    6
    rw-
    111
    7
    rwx
    Using this information, let’s go through some examples. First, if we 
    want to set only the read permission, we could consult Table 5-1 and locate 
    the value for read:
    r w x
    4 - -
    Next, if we want to set the permission to 
    wx
    , we could use the same 
    methodology and look for what sets the 
    w
    and what sets the 
    x
    :
    r w x
    - 2 1
    Notice in Table 5-1 that the octal representation for 
    -wx
    is 3, which not 
    so coincidently happens to be the same value we get when we add the two 
    values for setting 
    w
    and 
    x
    individually: 2 + 1 = 3.
    Finally, when all three permissions are on, it looks like this:
    r w x
    4 2 1
    And 4 + 2 + 1 = 7. Here, we see that in Linux, when all the permission 
    switches are on, they are represented by the octal equivalent of 7. 


    54
    Chapter 5
    So, if we wanted to represent all permissions for the owner, group, and 
    all users, we could write it as follows:
    7 7 7
    Here’s where the shortcut comes in. By passing 
    chmod
    three octal digits 
    (one for each 
    rwx
    set), followed by a filename, we can change permissions on 
    that file for each type of user. Enter the following into your command line:
    kali >chmod 774 hashcat.hcstat
    Looking at Table 5-1, we can see that this statement gives the owner all 
    permissions, the group all permissions, and everyone else (other) only the 
    read permission.
    Now we can see whether those permissions have changed by running 

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    L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

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