Xotiraga turli xildagi murojaatlar (non-uniform memory access or NUMA)

Xotiraga turli xildagi murojaatlar (non-uniform memory access or NUMA),

Mazkur turdagi tizimlar quyidagilarga ajraladi:

cache-only memory architecture or COMA (KSR-1 va DDM tizimlari),

cache-coherent NUMA or CC-NUMA (SGI Origin 2000, Sun HPC 10000, IBM/Sequent NUMA-Q 2000 tizimlari),

non-cache coherent NUMA or NCC-NUMA (Cray T3E tizimi).

Multikompyuterlar…

Multikompyuterlar…

Tizimda mavjud barcha xotiralarga umumiy murojaatni ta’minlamaydi (no-remote memory access or NORMA),

Tizimning har bir protsessori faqat o’zining lokal xotirasidan foydalanadi

Multikompyuterlar

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  Multikompyuterlar
  
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  Mazkur yondashuvdan ko’p protsessorli hisoblash tizimlarining iki muhim turini tashkillashtirishda foydalaniladi:
  
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    massivli-parallel tizimlar (massively parallel processor or MPP), misol uchun: IBM RS/6000 SP2, Intel PARAGON, ASCI Red, transpyuter tizimlari Parsytec,
    
  • 
    klasterlar (clusters), misol uchun: AC3 Velocity и NCSA NT Supercluster.
    

Multikompyuterlar

Multikompyuterlar

Multikompyuterlar. Klasterlar…

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  Multikompyuterlar. Klasterlar…
  
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  Afzalliklari:
  
  • 
    Iste’molchilarda mavjud bo’lgan alohida kompyuterlar bazasida tashkil etilishi yoki ma’lum turga mansub kompyuter elementlaridan yig’ilishi mumkin;
    
  • 
    Alohida protsessorlarning hisoblash kuchi oshib borishi nisbatan kam miqdordagi alohida kompyuterlardan klaster qurish imkonini beradi (lowly parallel processing),
    
  • 
    Algoritmlarda hisoblarni parallel bajarish uchun faqat katta mustaqil qismlarga ajratish kifoya ekanligi (coarse granularity).
    

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Albert S. Woodhull. Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, Chapter 8. Multipleprocessor systems, 8.1 Multiprosessors

2. http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/books/mos2/sample-8.pdf