Deformability of moistened soils of experimental areas
Location of the site
Relative subsidence at a pressure equal to
The zone of channel 4 of the
array "Turkmenistan"
0, 031
0, 063
0, 086
0.096
The zone of channel 2 of the
Abdulla Kodiriy array
0.015
0.027
0, 033
0.043
Channel zone 3 of the
Samarkand array
0, 011
0, 019
0.028
0.031
Channel zone of the
Surkhan array
0, 019…0, 031 0, 027…0, 055 0, 038…0, 079 0.034....0.091
After the load on the stamp reached the set value, the ballast was secured with stretch marks to
avoid an accident. The characteristic points for leveling were selected on the structure. As a rule, they
served as the centers and corners of the upper load plate.
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45
After stabilizing the process of soil precipitation, water was supplied to the pit.
During the experiments, as well as during the calibration of mesdoses, it was taken into account
that the devices register the stressed state of the soil, distorted by the presence of a foreign inclusion-
a ground dynamometer (mesdoses).
To account for this distortion, experiments were carried out at the experimental site in the area
of channel 4 of the Turkmenistan array, the purpose of which was to identify the influence of the
mesdoz installation technique in the ground on the wear readings when measuring stresses arising in
the ground.
In order to identify the most rational way of installing mesdoz at the base of structures and their
models, special methodological experiments were conducted. During these experiments, the stresses
at the base of a rectangular die 32x32 cm were measured. At the base of the stamp in each experiment,
at a depth of 35 cm, the mesdose of the TSNIISK design was installed. The ISD-3 station was used
as secondary measuring equipment.
When installing strain gauges, various methods were used.
1.
Mesdoses were installed in vertical wells, followed by layer-by-layer ramming of the
soil tamponing the well to a density equal to natural (Curve 1, in Fig.1).
2. Wells were tamponed with recycled soil without ramming (curve 2, in Fig. 1.).
3. The soil tamponing the well was thrombed to a density significantly exceeding the density
of the soil of an undisturbed structure (curve 3, in Fig.1)
4. Mesdoses were installed at the base of the stamp from the pit through a horizontal pioneer
well, followed by filling this well with soil with a density close to the density of the soil of the
undisturbed structure (curve 4, in Fig.1).
5. Mesdoses were installed at the base of the stamp from the pit through the pioneer well
without subsequent plugging of this well (curve 5, in Fig.1).
In all cases, the pressure transmitted by the stamp to the ground was 0.1 MPa.
As can be seen from Fig.2. when filling the cavity formed during the installation of the mesdose with
recycled soil without its further filling, the sensor reacted to the pressure transmitted from the stamp
to the soil only 5-7 hours after the start of soaking. The soil moisture around the sensor by this time
exceeded the value of ω = 20%.
The reverse pattern occurs when the soil filling the well is compacted to a density greater than
the raised one. The significant stresses recorded by the sensors when they are installed using this
method should be explained by the fact that the soil laid in the well works similarly to a soil pile.
The curves obtained in similar experiments using a method close to optimal should lie between
curve 3 on the one hand and curves 2 and 5 on the other.
Fig 1. Graphs of changes in the mesdose readings established by various methods inthe
silenced loess base of the stamp
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For comparison, we conducted experiments using the methods given in [11 and 14], the results
of which correspond to Curves 1, 4 in Fig.1.
Consider the experimental relationship between the vertical stresses σ and the soil soaking time
t. In both groups of experiments, during the period t = 7-8 hours, a surge of vertical stresses was
recorded associated with the passage of the soil moistening front through the experimental horizon.
For the regions t< 7 h and t > 8 h, smoothed dependencies (parabolas) can be carried out through
the experimental points corresponding to the first method of setting mesdoz. Their equations, found
by the least squares method, are :
σ = 1, 016 t2 - 3, 45 t + 20, 74 t ≤ 7, 1
and
σ = 0, 452t² -10, 36 t + 133, 38 t ≥ 8
The standard deviation of the experimental points from the proposed dependencies is ∆1 = ±
0.005.
The group of experimental points corresponding to the fourth curve in Fig.2 agrees well with
the above dependencies. Their mean-square deviation is ∆ 4 = ± 0.0055. The average deviation from
the curve is σ = - 0, 0029. The value of t (Student statistics) is= 2.2
This value corresponds to a confidence probability of 0.95, which indicates a statistically
insignificant difference between the methods of installing mesdoz 1 and 4.
Based on the results of the research, the method of installing mesdoz was chosen, corresponding
to curve 1 in Fig.1.
The calibration of mesdoz was carried out using a special device [13] in soils of natural
composition. The load on the ground was transmitted through a 32x32 cm stamp. The side of the
stamp in contact with the ground is made in the form of an elastic cushion filled with liquid, which
guaranteed a uniform distribution of pressure along the plane of contact of the stamp with the ground.
The sensors were installed in the base of the stamp at a depth of 5 cm. Since this depth is much
smaller than the side of the stamp, it was assumed that the normal stresses at this horizon are almost
equal to those occurring at the contact of the stamp with the base.
Mesdoses intended for measuring the horizontal components of the stress tensor were installed
for taring into the base of the stamp to the same depth through horizontal wells, followed by their
padding. This made it possible to bring the calibration conditions of the sensors as close as possible
to the conditions of their operation - the measurement of the component of the stress tensor
perpendicular to the axis of the well.
In the course of fieldwork, in parallel with the study of the stressed state of the soil mass, studies
of the features of the process of its humidification were carried out. For this purpose, models of
hydraulic structures' flutbets and pits were equipped in such a way that, with the help of the neutron
humidity indicator NIV-1, it was possible to constantly monitor the process of extending the
humidification front in the base under the bottom of the pit. The humidification contour of the array
away from the side of the pit was controlled by drilling with the determination of humidity by the
depth of the thermostatic method.
It should be noted that conducting a significant number of experiments to study the joint
operation of models of flatbets of hydraulic structures and their loess subsidence bases requires a lot
of labor. In addition, the study of the advance of the humidification front into the depth of the array
of the base of the flutbet model using a neutron humidity meter has the disadvantage that the soil
moisture is recorded only along the axis of the well into which the radiation source is lowered.
Humidity at a point located at some distance from the axis of the well cannot be determined in this
way.
A similar disadvantage has a device for measuring layer-by-layer deformations of the soil,
which we used during fieldwork. The deformation of the soil with its help can be recorded only near
the well in which the device is installed.
In this regard, scientists Frolov N.N., Zasov S.V., Dokin V.A. [12-14] created a device that
allows to obtain more complete information simultaneously about the processes of humidification
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and transformation of the stress–strain state of the bases of models of flatbets of hydraulic structures,
in addition, with the help of this device, it is possible to study the physical and mechanical properties
of the soil in the walls the pit.
During the tests, the load on the ground is transmitted through the stamp using a lever loaded
with weights and held by the frame. A transparent screen makes it possible to monitor the
deformations of the soil at the base of the stamp. At the same time, with the help of strain gauge
elements mounted on the screen, it is possible to investigate the process of stress transformation at
the contact of the screen and the soil mass. When soaking the base of the stamp, the device allows
you to monitor the process of moistening the soil.
In the process of conducting experiments, we used stamps having the shape of a rectangle or a
semicircle. The semicircular stamp during installation was in contact with the screen of the device
along the length of its diameter. Due to the high rigidity of the screen, this made it possible to simulate
the processes occurring at the base of a round die of the same diameter.
The use of the proposed device makes it possible to replace several devices [13] installed with
different orientations.
In most cases, an experiment conducted using this device allows you to replace several
experiments conducted with traditional equipment. So, to study the deformation properties of a loess
subsidence base, in practice it is necessary to conduct a series of identical stamp tests with the
installation of reference points in an array of soil and with the opening of the bases of stamps in each
of the experiments at one of the stages of the experiment. In addition to traditional indicators, as the
main design parameters of the stages of the loess soil deformation process, it is also necessary to
establish the end of the sediment deformation, the moment of formation of subsidence cracks, and
the end of post-subsidence compaction. These experiments can be replaced by one experiment using
the proposed device. No expensive equipment is required for its installation. Two workers can prepare
him for the experiment within 3-4 hours. During the research period, more than a hundred
experiments were conducted with the device in question.
In the objects under consideration, together with S.V.Zasov, experimental studies of the stress-
strain state of the loess bases of tubular crossings-the differences most prone to accidents during the
first year of operation were carried out. The peculiarities of the operation of tubular drops were
studied on the example of temporary structures of the inter-farm distributor of the Surkhan array,
installed without preliminary preparation of their bases. The structural parts of the structures were
equipped with control and measuring equipment devices for measuring the movements of parts of
structures and layer–by-layer deformations of the soil, sensors for measuring contact stresses along
the edges of the head (GD-128 complete with the CS-5 station), and stresses in the soil array (M-70
complete with the ISD-3 station).
The specifics of the interaction of the water supply parts of irrigation facilities with subsidence
bases are considered in sufficient detail in [13]. However, the presence of a large number of violations
in the operation of the heads - diaphragms of tubular structures required the study of the features of
work on subsident soils and these elements.
In the process of work, a pattern of changes in natural stresses in an array of low-moisture loess
soil in the bases of stamps was established when the latter was loaded to 0.2 MPa.
The stress distribution over the depth of the base in the soil of natural moisture under the centers
of round and square stamps with an area of 1m
2
is illustrated by Curve 1 in Fig.2 and Curve 1 in
Fig.3. Due to the uneven distribution of stresses along the contact of the stamp with the ground, their
values under the centers of the stamps differ significantly from the average.
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