Mavzu : Manzili va niqoblari orqali qism tarmoq manzillarini aniqlash (lab-1) Ishdan maqsad




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Mavzu : Manzili va niqoblari orqali qism tarmoq manzillarini aniqlash (LAB-1)
Ishdan maqsad. Manzili va niqoblari orqali qism tarmoq manzillarini
aniqlash ko`nikmalariga ega bo`lish.
Nazariy qism
IP manzil (o'qilishi (ay-pi adres) ingilizcha Internet Protocol)- Qurilmaning tarmoqdagi takrorlanmas virtual adresidir. Internet va lokal tarmog'idagi qurilmalar bir-biri bilan IP protokoli orqali bir-birini IP adreslariga ma'lumot junatish orqali aloqa qilishadi. Bu aloqaning o'ziga yarasha qonun qoidalari bor va shu qonun qoida asosida bir IP manzil ikkinchi IP adresga xabar(paket) jo'natadi va shu qonun qoida protokol deyiladi.
IP adreslarning hozirda ikki avlodi mavjud.
1. IPv4 (Internet prtocolining to'rtinchi avlodi).
2. IPv6 (Internet prtocolining oltinchi avlodi).
IPv4 adres 32 bitdan tashkil topgan bo'ladi. Bitlar ikkilik sanoq tizimida 0 va 1 larni ifodalaydi. Demak IP manzil 32 ta 0 va 1 larning ketma-ketligidan tashkil topgan bo'ladi. Ikkilik ko'rinishda 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 bunday ko'rinishda yoziladi. Biz uchun bunday holatda o'qish qiyinchilik va tarmoqda chalkashlik xosil qiladi ya'ni eslab qolish yoki biron bir sonni noto'g'ri kirgazish. O'zimiz uchun qulay bo'lishi uchun o'nlik sanoq tizimiga o'tkazib foydalanamiz. 32 bitlik adreslar sxemasida 4 mlrd dan ortiq ip larni tuzush mumkin.
IPv6— yangi avlod hisoblanib, ipv4 dan farqli ravishda keng imkoniyatga ega. IPv6 128 bit dan tashkil topgan bo'ladi. IPv6 ning ko'rinishi quyidagicha fe80:0:0:0:200:f8ff: fe21:67cf. Manzillar ikki nuqta bilan ajratiladi. Bu ip manzillar facebook.com va shunga o'xshash mashxur saytlarga o'rnatilgan. Biz manzillarni o'nlik sanoq tizimida ishlatganimiz bilan tarmoq interfeyslari IP manzilni ikkilik ko'rinishi bilan ishlaydi. Shunda IP manzilning har-biri 8 bitdan iborat bo'lgan to'rtta oktetlardan tashkil topgan sonlar to'plami bo'ladi. Undagi har-bir bit o'z qiymatiga ega bo'ladi. IP manzil kiritilishini quyidagi turlari mavjud
1. Statik
2. Dinamik
Static ip manzillar foydalanuvchiga o'zgarmas ip manzil beradi.
Masalan sayt yoki biron bir server va hakozolarning egasi bo'lsangiz.
Dinamic ip manzillar esa o'zgaruvchan ip manzillar degani. Bu degani ip manzillarni boshqa kompyuterniki bilan bir xil bo'lib qolishidan himoyalaydi. Chuqurroq kiradigan bo'lsak, masalan internet pravayderining 4000 ta foydalanuvchisi bor, lekin real vaqtda 1000ta foydalanuvchi ishlaydi. Demak 1000 ta ip manzil yetadi degani va tarmoq administratorining vazifasini yengillashtiradi. Dinamic ip manzil bir martda beriladi kompyuterning tarmoqqa qayta kirganda unga yangi ip manzil beriladi. Bu degani, tarmoqqa ulangan har bir kompyuter, qayta ulanishni amalga oshirganda, har gal har xil IP manzil oladi.
IP manzillar tarmoqda foydalanishiga ko'ra ikki xil buladi.
1.global (real, beliy, oq)
2. lokal (seriy)
Lokal ip manzillar global tarmoqda ishlatilmaydi va bu ip manzillarga
global ip manzil orqali kirib bo'lmaydi va xavfsizlik ta'minlanadi. Quyida
lokal manzillarning ro'yxati keltirilgan, ular cheklangandir.
10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255,
172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255,
192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
Tarmoq manzili ikki qismdan iborat: tarmoq manzili va ushbu tarmoqdagi asosiy manzil. Tarmoq maskasi - bu manzillarni ajratuvchi bo'linadigan chiziq.
Tarmoq niqobi, tarmoqning IP-manzilida qancha bitni aniqlaydi.
Xususiy manzillarni (RFC1918) "C" sinfidagi tarmoqlardan ko'rib chiqamiz:
ular 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 oralig'ini egallaydi. Ushbu
segmentning maskasi 192.168.0.0/16. 192.168.0.0 / 16 (255.255.0.0) yozuvi tarmoq manzilini 16 bit bilan egallagan degan ma'noni anglatadi. Agar manzil ikkilangan bo'lsa, birinchi 16 bit 192.168 ni tashkil qiladi.
Bu tarmoq manzili: 192.168.0.0.
Tarmoqdagi IP-manzil: 11000000 10101000 00001010 00100010
(192.168.10.34)
Subnet maskasi: 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
(255.255.0.0)
Tarmoq manzili: 11000000 10101000 00000000 00000000
(192.168.0.0)













%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
enable
S1#interface vlan1
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1#enable
S1#show interface vlan1
Vlan1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Hardware is CPU Interface, address is 000b.be87.b754 (bia 000b.be87.b754)
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 1000000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 21:40:21, output never, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
1682 packets input, 530955 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts (0 IP multicast)
0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
563859 packets output, 0 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 23 interface resets
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

S1#config


Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? y
?Must be "terminal", "memory" or "network"
S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)#interface vlan1
S1(config-if)#ip adress 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
S1(config-if)#no shutdown

S1(config-if)#


%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to up


exit
S1(config)#enable
% Incomplete command.
S1(config)#line console 0
S1(config-line)#password cisco
S1(config-line)#login
S1(config-line)#logging synchronous
S1(config-line)#exit
S1(config)#line
% Incomplete command.
S1(config)#line vty 0 15
S1(config-line)#password cisco
S1(config-line)#login
S1(config-line)#end
S1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

S1#enable


S1#console
Translating "console"...domain server (255.255.255.255)Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)#
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address

S1(config)#line


% Incomplete command.
S1(config)#line vty 0 15
S1(config-line)#transport inpul ssh
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1(config-line)#login local
S1(config-line)#exit
S1(config)#ep ssh version 2
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1(config)#exit
S1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

S1#enable


S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? enable
?Must be "terminal", "memory" or "network"
S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? y
?Must be "terminal", "memory" or "network"
S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? config
?Must be "terminal", "memory" or "network"
S1#enable
S1#enable secret class
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? cisco
?Must be "terminal", "memory" or "network"
S1#terminal config
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)#banner motd# kirma o'lasan#
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1(config)#banner motd # kirma o'lasan#
S1(config)#enable secret class
S1(config)#exit
S1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

S1#enable


S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)#show version
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1(config)#exit
S1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

S1#enable


S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)#enable secret class
S1(config)#exit
S1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

S1#enable


S1#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)#service password-encryption
S1(config)#service password-12345
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1(config)#service password-qwerty
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1(config)#service password-encryption
S1(config)#enable secret class
S1(config)#banner motd # Kirmaaaaaa#
S1(config)#exit
S1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

S1#enable


S1#encryption
Translating "encryption"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address

S1#enable


S1#config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)#interface vlan1
S1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
S1(config-if)#no shutdown
S1(config-if)#exit
S1(config)#line console 0
S1(config-line)#password cisco
S1(config-line)#exit
S1(config)#libe vty 0 15
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
S1(config)#line vty 0 15
S1(config-line)#password cisco
S1(config-line)#end
S1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

S1#enable


S1#config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)#exit
S1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

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Mavzu : Manzili va niqoblari orqali qism tarmoq manzillarini aniqlash (lab-1) Ishdan maqsad

Download 1,05 Mb.