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II BOB. HAYOTNING EKOSISTEMA DARAJASIDAGI
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Bog'liq Biologiya. 11-sinf (2018, A.G\'afurov, A.Abdukarimov)II BOB. HAYOTNING EKOSISTEMA DARAJASIDAGI
UMUMBIOLOGIK QONUNIYATLARI
3-§. Hayotning ekosistema darajasi xususiyatlari.
Biogeotsenoz – biologik sistema .....................................................................................14
4-§. Ekosistemalarning tarkibiy qismlari ........................................................................18
5-§. Organizmlarning yashash muhiti. Suv muhiti. .......................................................23
6-§. Quruqlik-havo, tuproq, tirik organizmlar yashash muhitlari sifatida ....................30
7-§.
Muhit omillari va ularning tasnifi ...........................................................................39
8-§. Y
orug‘lik – muhitning ekologik omili ..................................................................47
9-§. Harorat – muhitning abiotik omili ..........................................................................53
10-§. Namlik ekologik omil sifatida ...............................................................................58
11-§.
Tuproq va topografik omillar .................................................................................63
12-§. Muhitning biotik omillari. Tirik organizmlar o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar .............67
13-§. Antropogen omillar .................................................................................................76
1-laboratoriya mashg‘uloti ................................................................................................79
14-§. Turning populatsion strukturasi .............................................................................81
15-§. Turning populatsion strukturasi (davomi) .............................................................86
16-§. Ekotizimlarning trofik strukturasi ..........................................................................93
17-§. Ekotizimlarning mahsuldorligi .............................................................................100
18-§. Ekologik piramida qoidasi. Biomassa va energiya piramidasi .........................102
2-laboratoriya mashg‘uloti ............................................................................................106
19-§. Tabiiy ekosistemalar. ............................................................................................107
20-§. Markaziy Osiyo va O‘zbekistonning tabiiy ekosistemalari ...............................112
21-§. Sun’iy ekosistemalar .............................................................................................117
22-§. Biogeotsenozlarning barqarorligi ..........................................................................122
23-§. Inson ekologiyasi ..................................................................................................126
3-laboratoriya mashg‘uloti ..............................................................................................131
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