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A reference for Designing Servers and Peripherals for the Microsoft® Windows nt® Server Operating System Intel Corporation and Microsoft Corporation Publication Date: October 10, 1997
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H
HCI Host controller interface, such as the system-level interface supporting USB.
HCL Hardware Compatibility List. See WHQL.
HCT Hardware Compatibility Tests. A suite of tests from WHQL to verify hardware and device driver operations under a specific operating environment. These tests exercise the combination of a device, a software driver, and an operating system under controlled conditions to verify that all components operate properly.
I
IDE Integrated Device Electronics. A type of disk-drive interface where the controller electronics reside on the drive itself, eliminating the need for a separate adapter card.
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Organization that develops standards.
INF file Information file. A file created for a particular adapter that provides the operating system with information required to set up a device, such as a list of valid logical configurations for the device, the names of driver files associated with the device, and so on. An INF file is typically provided by the device manufacturer on a disk with an adapter.
INI file Initialization file. Commonly used under Windows 3.x and earlier, INI files have been used by both the operating system and individual applications to store persistent settings related to an application, driver, or piece of hardware. In Windows NT and Windows 95, INI files are supported for backward compatibility, but the registry is the preferred location for storing such settings.
input class The class of filters that provides an interface for HID hardware, including USB and legacy devices, plus proprietary and other HID hardware, under the WDM HID architecture.
instrumentation A mechanism for reporting information about the state of hardware and software to enable management applications to ascertain and change the state of a system and to be notified of state changes.
integrated device Any device—such as a parallel port or graphics adapter—that is designed on the system board rather than on an expansion card.
interface For parameters on a connection request, a specific set of methods and properties implemented on a medium that a filter connection uses to communicate, such as a specific set of IOCTLs.
I/O Input/output. Two of the three activities that characterize a computer (input, processing, and output). Refers to the complementary tasks of gathering data for the microprocessor to work with and make the results available to the user through a device such as the display, disk drive, or printer.
IOCTL Input/output control. A custom class of IRPs available to User mode. Each WDM class driver has a set of IOCTLs that it uses to communicate with applications. The IOCTLs give the class driver information about intended usage by applications. The class driver performs all IOCTL parameter validation.
IPL Initial program load. A device used by the system during the boot process to load an operating system into memory.
IRP I/O request packet. Data structures that drivers use to communicate with each other. The basic method of communication between kernel-mode devices. An IRP is a key data structure for WDM, which features multiple layered drivers. In WDM, every I/O request is represented by an IRP that is passed from one driver layer to another until the request is complete. When a driver receives an IRP, it performs the operation the IRP specifies, and then either passes the IRP back to the I/O Manager for disposal or onto an adjacent driver layer. An IRP packet consists of two parts: a header and the I/O stack locations.
IRQ Interrupt request. A method by which a device can request to be serviced by the device’s software driver. The system board uses a PIC to monitor the priority of the requests from all devices. When a request occurs, a microprocessor suspends the current operation and gives control to the device driver associated with the interrupt number issued. The lower the number—for example, IRQ3—the higher the priority of the interrupt. Many devices only support raising requests of specific numbers.
ISA Industry Standard Architecture. An 8‑bit (and later, a 16‑bit) expansion bus that provides a buffered interface from devices on expansion cards to the internal bus.
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network. A set of communications standards that enable a single phone line or optical cable to carry voice, digital network services, and video.
isochronous Refers to a communication protocol based on time slices rather than handshaking. For example, a process might have 20 percent of total bus bandwidth. During its time slice, the process can stream data.
K
kernel The core of the layered architecture that manages the most basic operations of the operating system, such as sharing the processor between different blocks of executing code, handling hardware exceptions, and other hardware-dependent functions.
kernel mode The processor mode that allows full, unprotected access to the system. A driver or thread running in kernel mode has access to system memory and hardware.
kernel-mode driver Driver for a logical, virtual, or physical devices.
L
LAN Local area network. A group of computers and other devices dispersed over a relatively limited area and connected by a communications link that enables any device to interact with any other device on the network. Compare with WAN.
layered driver One of a collection of drivers that responds to the same IRPs. Layered driver describes the highest-level and lowest-level drivers in a chain of layered drivers that process the same IRPs, along with all intermediate drivers in the chain.
legacy Any feature in the system based on older technology for which compatibility continues to be maintained in other system components.
local bus Usually refers to a system bus directly connected to the microprocessors on a system board. Used colloquially to refer to system board buses located closer to the microprocessor than are ordinary expansion buses (that is, with less buffering), which are therefore capable of greater throughput.
M
MDL Memory descriptor list. In Windows NT, an opaque structure, defined by Memory Manager, that uses an array of physical page frame numbers to describe the pages that back a virtual memory range.
minidriver A hardware-specific DLL that uses a Microsoft-provided class driver to accomplish most actions through functions call and provides only device-specific controls. Under WDM, the minidriver uses the class driver’s device object to make system calls.
miniport driver A device-specific kernel-mode driver linked to a Windows NT or WDM port driver, usually implemented as a DLL that provides an interface between the port driver and the system.
monolithic driver A driver that has many different classes of functionality contained in the same driver.
motherboard See system board.
multifunction device A piece of hardware that supports multiple, discrete functions, such as audio, mixer, and music, on a single adapter.
N
NDIS Network Driver Interface Specification. The interface for network drivers used in Windows NT and Windows. NDIS provides transport independence for network vendors because all transport drivers call the NDIS interface to access the network.
nibble mode An asynchronous, peripheral-to-host channel defined in the IEEE 1284‑1944 standard. Provides a channel for the peripheral to send data to the host, which is commonly used as a means of identifying the peripheral.
NMI Nonmaskable Interrupt. An interrupt that cannot be overruled by another service request. A hardware interrupt is called nonmaskable if it cannot be masked by the processor’s interrupt enable flag.
NTFS Windows NT file system. An advanced file system designed for use specifically with the Windows NT operating system. NTFS supports file system recovery and extremely large storage media, in addition to other advantages.
O
OEM Original equipment manufacturer. Used primarily to refer to systems manufacturers.
OnNow A design initiative that seeks to create all the components required for a comprehensive, system-wide approach to system and device power control. OnNow is a term for a system that is always on but appears off and that responds immediately to user or other requests.
option ROM Optional read-only memory found on an expansion card. Option ROMs usually contain additional firmware required to properly boot the peripheral connected to the expansion card, for example, a hard drive.
P
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect. A 32‑bit or 64‑bit bus designed to be used with devices that have high bandwidth requirements, such as the display subsystem.
planar See system board.
Plug and Play A design philosophy and set of specifications that describe hardware and software changes to the system and its peripherals that automatically identify and arbitrate resource requirements among all devices and buses on the system. Plug and Play specifies a set of device driver interface elements that are used in addition to, not in place of, existing driver architectures.
port A connection or socket used to connect a device—such as a printer, monitor, or modem— to the computer. Information is sent from the computer to the device through a cable.
port driver A low-level driver that responds to a set of system-defined device control requests and possibly to an additional set of driver-defined (private) device control requests sent down by a
corresponding class driver. A port driver insulates class drivers from the specifics of host bus adapters and synchronizes operations for all its class drivers.
port replicator Low-cost docking-station substitute intended to provide convenient, one-step connection to multiple desktop devices.
POST Power-on self-test. A procedure of the system BIOS that identifies, tests, and configures the system in preparation for loading the operating system.
power management Mechanisms in software and hardware to minimize system power consumption, manage system thermal limits, and maximize system battery life. Power management involves trade-offs among system speed, noise, battery life, processing speed, and power consumption.
Q
QIC Quarter-Inch Cartridge Drive Standards, Inc. An international trade association dedicated to promoting use of quarter-inch tape technology and products. For more information, visit the web site at http://www.qic.org/.
R
RAM Random access memory. Semiconductor-based memory that can be read and written by the microprocessor or other hardware devices. Refers to volatile memory, which can be written as well as read.
real-time processing Processing that supports
real-time functions such as telephony.
registry In Windows NT and Windows, the tree-structured hierarchical database where general system hardware and software settings are stored. The registry supersedes the use of separate INI files for all system components and applications that know how to store values in the registry.
resource 1. A set from which a subset can be allocated for use by a client, such as memory or bus bandwidth. This is not the same as resources that are allocated by Plug and Play. 2. A general term that refers to IRQ signals, DMA channels, I/O port addresses, and memory addresses for Plug and Play.
RISC Reduced instruction set computing. A type of microprocessor design that focuses on rapid and efficient processing of a relatively small set of instructions. RISC architecture limits the number of instructions that are built into the microprocessor, but optimizes each so it can be carried out very rapidly—usually within a single clock cycle.
RISC-based Refers to computers based on Windows NT–compatible implementations of RISC processors.
rt Real time. In computing, refers to an operating mode under which data is received and processed; the results are returned instantaneously.
S
scalability 1. Ability of a system to take advantage of multiple processors. 2. The ability to vary the information content of a program by changing the amount of data that is stored, transmitted, or displayed. 3. In a video image, this translates to creating larger or smaller windows of video on screen (shrinking effect).
SCSI Small computer system interface. Pronounced “scuzzy.” An I/O bus designed as a method for connecting several classes of peripherals to a host system without requiring modifications to generic hardware and software.
smart card A small electronic device about the size of a credit card that contains an embedded integrated circuit. Smart cards are used for a variety of purposes, including storing medical records, storing digital cash, and generating network IDs.
software device A filter in kernel streaming and ActiveMovie that has no underlying hardware associated with it.
spin down A power-management capability in which a hard drive shuts down its spindle motor.
static resources Device resources, such as IRQ signals, DMA channels, I/O port addresses, and memory addresses, that cannot be configured or relocated.
stream An object representing an entity on an adapter capable of receiving, processing, or supplying data. Notice that a stream is identical to
a WDM Stream architecture pin. A stream can accept data from or supply data to the processor, such as a stream representing an MPEG input, or can simply route data through hardware, such as a stream representing an NTSC output jack on the back of an adapter. The purpose of representing non-data hardware with a stream is that the properties of the hardware can be controlled by software.
SVGA Super VGA. A video standard established by VESA to provide high-resolution color display on IBM-compatible computers.
system board Also motherboard or planar. The primary circuit board in a system that contains most of the basic components of the system.
system devices Devices on the system board, such as interrupt controllers, keyboard controller, real-time clock, DMA page registers, DMA controllers, memory controllers, FDC, IDE ports, serial and parallel ports, PCI bridges, and so on. In today’s systems, these devices are typically integrated in the supporting chip set.
T
TAPI Telephony Application Program Interface. A set of Win32-based calls that applications use to control modems and telephones by routing application function calls to the appropriate service provider DLL for a modem.
TCP/IP Transport control protocol/interface program. A software protocol developed by the Department of Defense for communications between computers.
telephony Telephone technology.
U
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter. A module composed of a circuit that contains both the receiving and transmitting circuits required for asynchronous serial communication.
Unimodem Universal modem driver. A driver-level component that uses modem description files to control its interaction with the communications driver, VCOMM.
UPS Uninterruptible power supply. A device connected between a computer and a power source that ensures that electrical flow to the computer is not interrupted because of a blackout and, in most cases, protects the computer against potentially damaging events such as power surges and brownouts.
USB Universal Serial Bus. A bi-directional, isochronous, dynamically attachable serial interface for adding peripheral devices such as game controllers, serial and parallel ports, and input devices on a single bus.
USB class The class of filters under WDM that provides a bus interface and bus enumerator for USB.
user mode The nonprivileged processor mode in which application code executes, including protected subsystem code in Windows NT.
user-mode drivers Win32-based multimedia drivers and VDDs for MS‑DOS–based applications with application-dedicated devices. For information, see the Multimedia Drivers and Virtual DOS Drivers documentation in the Windows NT DDK.
V
VAR Value added reseller. A company that resells hardware and software packages to developers and/or end users.
VESA Video Electronics Standards Association. A governing body that establishes standards for the video and graphics portions of the electronics industry.
W
WAN Wide area network. A communications network that connects geographically separated areas. Compare with LAN.
WBEM Web-based Enterprise Management. Technology under development by BMC Software, Inc., Cisco Systems, Inc., Compaq Computer Corporation, Intel Corporation, and Microsoft Corporation, based on standards being developed by DMTF and IETF, to provide a mechanism to specify information exchange between management applications and managed components.
WDL Windows NT Driver Library. See WHQL.
WDM Win32 Driver Model. A 32‑bit driver model based on the Windows NT driver model that is designed to provide a common architecture of I/O services and binary-compatible device drivers for both Windows NT and Windows operating systems for specific classes of drivers. These driver classes include USB and IEEE 1394 buses, audio, still-image capture, video capture, and HID-compliant devices such as USB mice, keyboards, and joysticks. Provides a model for writing kernel-mode drivers and minidrivers, and provides extensions for Plug and Play and power management.
WHQL Windows Hardware Quality Labs. Provides testing services for hardware and drivers for Windows and Windows NT. Administers testing for the “Designed for Microsoft Windows” logo programs. See http://www.microsoft.com/hwtext/.
Win32 API A 32‑bit application programming interface for both Windows and Windows NT that includes sophisticated operating system capabilities, security, and API routines for Windows-based applications.
Windows Management Instrumentation Extensions to WDM developed for Windows NT 5.0 and Windows to provide an operating system interface through which instrumented components can provide information and notifications.
Windows NT The Microsoft Windows NT version 5.0 operating system, including any add-on capabilities and later versions of the operating system.
Windows NT DDK Supports Windows NT, provided through MSDN Professional membership. Documents the Windows NT driver model (upon which WDM is based) and is an essential component for building WDM drivers.
Z
Zero Administration for Windows An initiative that focuses on improving Windows and Windows NT for maximum automation of administrative tasks with centralized control and maximum flexibility.
Index
16-bit protected mode components, 37
32-bit bus architecture, 25
32-bit performance, 25, 43, 63
32-bit protected mode components, 37
3F7h and 377h, IDE controllers, 71
66 MHz/64-bit vs. 33MHz/32-bit PCI devices, 32
8042 chip, 38
A
accessibility, 18
ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface). See also OnNow design initiative; power management
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Specification, xii, 15
APIC support, 35
BIOS (see BIOS)
bus and device enumeration, 15
Compact PCI standard, 32
defined, 127
description table, 15
hardware insert/remove notification, 32
hot swapping of PCI devices, 32
interrupt routing, 31
parallel port base address, 40
PCI Hot Plug standard, 32
power buttons, 16, 98, 100
power management timer, 15
processor power state, 16
real-time clock alarm, 16, 98
sleep states, 16, 19
soft-off feature, 16, 99
SOHO server systems, 98–99
system ACPI support, disabling, 16, 98
system availability, 90
system design requirements, 15–16
thermal model and fan control, 15
USB host controller, 16
ACPI hardware, 127
adapters. See also IDE; network adapters; PCI; SCSI
add-on display adapters, 30
primary graphics adapter, 42, 79
add-on devices. See also adapters; multifunction cards;
devices
defined, x, 127
device IDs, 23
Subsystem Vendor IDs, 30
USB compliance, 34
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) adapters
ATM/ADSL solution, 56
defined, 127
RADSL support, 56
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface. See ACPI
Advanced RISC computing (ARC)
Advanced RISC Computing Multiprocessor Standard Specification, xii
defined, 6–7
alert indicators, 90
analog phone connections in ISDN devices, 60
API (application programming interface), 128
APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller)
ACPI compliance, 35
IRQ resources, 35
multiprocessor support, 13
ARC (Advanced RISC computing)
Advanced RISC Computing Multiprocessor Standard Specification, xii
defined, 6–7
architecture, 128
asynchronous PPP, 59
Asynchronous Transfer Mode. See ATM
asynchronous-to-synchronous conversion, 59
AT command set, 49, 57
ATA 2 Specification, xii, 68
ATA (AT Attachment), 128
ATA Packet Interface for CD-ROM, 74
ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface)
ATAPI CD-ROM, 70, 74
BIOS recognition, 69
connectors, 70
defined, 128
media status notification, 64, 65
RESET command, 71
SFF 8070 support, 74
SFF 8070i support, 64, 81
Ultra DMA/33 support, 70
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
ATM/ADSL solution, 56
buffer chaining, 55
defined, 128
NDIS support, 44, 53
network adapter requirements, 53–55
ATM User-Network Interface Specification, xiii, 53
authentication
CHAP, 58
video playback copyright protection, 77
automatic device configuration. See ACPI; device configuration
automatic restart capability, 87
automatic termination circuits, 66. See also termination
auto-SPID detection, 58, 61
availability
basic servers, 4
Enterprise servers, 5
failure alert indicators, 90
server clusters, 107–109
in server design, 2
SOHO server systems, 4, 102
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A reference for Designing Servers and Peripherals for the Microsoft® Windows nt® Server Operating System Intel Corporation and Microsoft Corporation Publication Date: October 10, 1997
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