L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

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linuxbasicsforhackers

Removing a Directory

mv newfile newfile2
kali >
ls
oldfile newfile2
Now when you list (
ls
) that directory, you see newfile2 but not newfile,
because it has been renamed. You can do the same with directories.
Removing a File
To remove a file, you can simply use the
rm
command, like so:
kali >
rm newfile2
If you now do a long listing on the directory, you can confirm that the
file has been removed.
Removing a Directory
The command for removing a directory is similar to the
rm
command for
removing files but with
dir
(for directory) appended, like so:
kali >
rmdir newdirectory
rmdir:failed to remove 'newdirectory': Directory not empty
It’s important to note that
rmdir
will not remove a directory that is not
empty, but will give you a warning message that the “directory is not empty,”
as you can see in this example. You must first remove all the contents of the
directory before removing it. This is to stop you from accidentally deleting
objects you didn’t intend to delete.
If you do want to remove a directory and its content all in one go, you
can use the
-r
switch after
rm
, like so:
kali >
rm -r newdirectory
Just a word of caution, though: be wary of using the
-r
option with
rm
,
at least at first, because it’s very easy to remove valuable files and directories
by mistake. Using
rm -r
in your home directory, for instance, would delete
every file and directory there—probably not what you were intending.

Getting Started with the Basics
17
Go Play Now!
Now that you have some basic skills for navigating around the filesystem,
you can play with your Linux system a bit before progressing. The best way
to become comfortable with using the terminal is to try out your newfound
skills right now. In subsequent chapters, we will explore farther and deeper
into our hacker playground.
E XERCISES
Before you move on to Chapter 2, try out the skills you learned from this chapter
by completing the following exercises:
1. Use the
ls
command from the root (
/
) directory to explore the directory
structure of Linux. Move to each of the directories with the
cd
command
and run
pwd
to verify where you are in the directory structure.
2. Use the
whoami
command to verify which user you are logged in as.
3. Use the
locate
command to find wordlists that can be used for password
cracking.
4. Use the
cat
command to create a new file and then append to that file.
Keep in mind that
>
redirects input to a file and
>>
appends to a file.
5. Create a new directory called
hackerdirectory
and create a new file in
that directory named
hackedfile
. Now copy that file to your
/root
directory
and rename it
secretfile
.

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