L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

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linuxbasicsforhackers

ps aux | grep apache2
root 4851 0.2 0.7 37548 7668 ? Ss 10:14 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
root 4906 0.0 0.4 37572 4228 ? S 10:14 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
root 4910 0.0 0.4 37572 4228 ? Ss 10:14 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
--
snip
--
This command tells Linux to display all my services and then send
that output to
grep
, which will look through the output for the keyword
apache2 and then display only the relevant output, thus saving me consid-
erable time and my eyesight.
Modifying Files and Directories
Once you’ve found your files and directories, you’ll want to be able to per-
form actions on them. In this section, we look at how to create files and
directories, copy files, rename files, and delete files and directories.
Creating Files
There are many ways to create files in Linux, but for now we’ll just look at
two simple methods. The first is
cat
, which is short for concatenate, meaning
to combine pieces together (not a reference to your favorite domesticated
feline). The
cat
command is generally used for displaying the contents of a
file, but it can also be used to create small files. For creating bigger files, it’s
better to enter the code in a text editor such as vim, emacs, leafpad, gedit,
or kate and then save it as a file.
Concatenation with cat
The
cat
command followed by a filename will display the contents of that
file, but to create a file, we follow the
cat
command with a redirect, denoted
with the
>
symbol, and a name for the file we want to create. Here’s an
example:
kali >
cat > hackingskills
Hacking is the most valuable skill set of the 21st century!

14
Chapter 1
When you press
enter
, Linux will go into interactive mode and wait for
you to start entering content for the file. This can be puzzling because
the prompt disappears, but if you simply begin typing, whatever you enter
will go into the file (in this case, hackingskills). Here, I entered
Hacking
is the most valuable skill set of the 21st century!
. To exit and return to
the prompt, I press
ctrl
-D. Then, when I want to see what’s in the file
hackingskills, I enter the following:
kali >

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