Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line

Whatever you see in Linux has a file system in them. Each file system is
composed of different directories mostly known to us as folders (its root
is “/” which is the base root). The directories may have some different
partitions either on the operating system or a different one but still based
on the file system. They follow a certain file system hierarchy, but at
times they may deviate from that order. Here is a list of the regularly
used directories in Linux.
❖ 
[/] – This the primary hierarchy root in the whole file system hierarchy.
❖ 
[/bin] – Helps store the user’s commands.
❖ 
[/boot/] – Has the system startup files.
❖ 
[/dev/] – Has the device files.
❖ 
[/etc/] – Here is the location of directories and configurations files.
❖ 
[/home/] – Default location where home directories are found.
❖ 
[/initrd/] - Assist in the loading of device modules.
❖ 
[/lib/ and /usr/lib/] – This directory holds the library files used by programs.
❖ 
[/lost + found/] – Holds those files with no names also known as orphaned files.
❖ 
[/opt/] – Suppose if you have third party software, this directory helps in the installing and
uninstalling of that software.
❖ 
[/proc/] – It is a virtual directory that holds system data required by specific programs.
❖ 
[/sbin/] – This directory helps in storing user commands.
❖ 
[/tmp/] – The directory keeps temporary system directories.
❖ 
[/usr/] – Contains a file system related to users.
❖ 
[/var/] – Files that keep changing such as printer are contained here.
Backup Linux File Systems
The backup of these file systems is mostly done by backup commands
such as tar, dump, and spio. As a hacker, it is good to understand how the
backup takes place because many times, you will be needed to do the
backup. The commands listed there may not be sufficient to do the whole
process of backup but let us look at the different ways you need to do
while backing up.
a. Backing using tar command – (Tape achieve) the backup can be done both on a
single file backup. With this command, you cannot backup special characters and
only works on mounted files.
b. Backing using cpio command – This type can be used to both single and multiple
files. Unlike tar, this type of command backs special characters and the block files.
Additionally, for you to backup with this command, it requires you to have a list of
files.

Backup can be done by a user using the dump utility that helps you do the
full backup and restore process. The backup can be done in various ways
like a user using the remote system, tape or restoring selected or fill files. It
is easy to backup or restores what you are doing using the Linux operating
system; you’ll need to master some commands or programs that can help
you to restore options.

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