Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line

interfaces.
Loopback. The loopback (Lo) interface will always have an IP address of 127.0.0.0 that represents
the host. For example, you want to access a web page running on the same server as that you are, and
then you will need to type, HTTP:127.0.0.1 on your browser .
Ethernet. The Ethernet 0 (eth0) interface is basically the local network connection. When running
Linux on a virtual machine, you will still be required to connect to a physical network interface of the
host. Commonly, you will be required to cross-check if the Ethernet has an IP address and the eth0 is
in an UP-state.
MAC address
The media access control (MAC) is an identifier assigned to a network at
layer 2 of the data link layer. A network interface must have a MAC address
which is commonly called the hardware address.MAC addresses are always
to any adopter when they are manufactured or if it’s a virtual adapter, the
address is assigned to the adapter when it is created and always appears in
six groups of two hexadecimal digits each.The Ethernet interface explained
above the MAC address is known as ether address or the link.
IP addressing
The IP addresses of all devices are unique on a particular network; hence,
every device has at least one address. IP addresses normally fall between
1.1.1.1 and 255.255.255.
Example 1
To view the IP address used, you will type the IP address commands which
will look like the one below
6536 qdisc noqueue state UKNOWN
group default
Lin/loopback 00.00.00.00.00.00 brd 00.00.00.00.00.0 0
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host Io
valid_Ift forever preferred_If forever
inte 6::1/128 scope host
valid_Ift forever preffered_Ift forever
There is one Linux networking tool that everyone conversant with Linux
has heard of, i.e. ping. It began as an acronym and now has gotten to enjoy
its status as a fully flagged word and now it’s the most commonly used tool
in testing the reachability of a network
How Ping Works

Ping starts by sending an internet control message protocol (ICMP) across
the network; then, it will notify when there is a response or not. If the host
is able to connect to the network, it will send an ICMP success response.
However, if the user is unable to connect to the network, it will send a ping
test failed
Another tool used by Linux in the troubleshooting process is the trace roo
t. Traceroot usually Probes the network between the local system and the
destination; hence, it will gather all information; hence, it will gather all
information about the IP router in the path. Tracetoot is useful when there is
an issue in the path, such as network issues intermediary nodes. showing
slow response then you may want to know which node is showing the slow
response .

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