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Smart Home System: a comprehensive Review Arindom Chakraborty, monirul Islam, Fahim ShahriyarBog'liq Smart Home System A Comprehensive Review11. Discussion
Reviewing and analyzing all the articles based on the study,
in this section, a thorough discussion is presented on all the
topics mentioned in this study.
11.1. Discussion on SHS Approaches.
Figure 8 represents
a graphical illustration of the technological approaches
shown in Table 2. Although the table does not contain the
data of all the papers reviewed in this study, it contains
a substantial amount of information from which we could
conclude the overall trend of SHSs. We can see that 31 SHSs,
or nearly 60%, used multiple approaches instead of
depending on a single method. 20 articles, or about 40%,
used only one method to develop an SHS. It can also be seen
that IoT-based SHSs are by far the most popular choice
among researchers, which is mainly due to the low cost.
Other methods, such as WSN, GSM, and Bluetooth, are also
fairly popular. Machine learning, deep learning, and neural
network-based SHSs are also gaining ground among
researchers.
11.2. Discussion on Microcontrollers Used in SHS.
After
a thorough investigation, we have identifed the most
popular microcontrollers used in the development of SHSs.
Te data shown in Table 3 can be represented in Figure 9,
which shows the trend of microcontrollers in SHSs. Un-
doubtedly, Arduino and Raspberry PI are the most used
microcontrollers. Arduino is cheap, versatile, and reliable,
while Raspberry Pi has better computational power than
most other microcontrollers. Te ESP32 and ESP8266
boards are popular due to their built-inWi-Fi modules,
which help the SHS connect to the Internet. Other micro-
controllers such as FPGA, PIC, and LPC are also used. Some
researchers have also used not-so-familiar components such
as S5PV210 and LM3S8962. Overall, 33 papers, or 61%, used
a single microcontroller method to develop SHSs, while 21
papers, or about 39%, opted for multiple microcontrollers.
11.3. Discussion on Sensors Used in SHS.
Te sensor usage
data shown in Table 4 are graphically represented in Fig-
ure 10. We can see that the temperature sensor is the most
used sensor in SHSs. Tey are often used alongside other
sensors such as fame or gas sensors to detect any unusual
diference in temperature, which could mean that a potential
fre breaks out. Te PIR sensor is the second most used
sensor due to its popular application as intrusion detection.
It is considered a cheap substitute for a camera as it can
detect human presence up to a certain level and warn about
any possible intrusion. Te humidity sensor keeps an eye on
the humidity level of home and helps maintain a comfortable
humidity level. Gas, smoke, and fame sensors are very useful
and are used as a safety system to detect gas leakage, smoke,
or fre breakout. Te camera is mainly used for security
purposes, image processing, and gesture recognition. LDR
sensors help automate the lights in the house, which saves
energy. Other sensors, such as doors, accelerometers, and
pressure, have their own specifc usage and are used
accordingly.
11.4. Discussion on Networking Technologies and User In-
terfaces of SHS.
After reviewing all the studies on SHSs, we
can say that most of the development routes choose both
wired and wireless communication media to connect sensors
and other devices to the main controller, while mainly
wireless connectivity is preferred in the connection between
the smart home and the user. Even though wireless con-
nectivity between the sensor and processor is a trend, it is
comparatively more expensive than a wired connection since
another device is required for the majority of micropro-
cessors to wirelessly receive and send data.
In the case of user interfaces, both web application-based
and smartphone application-based interfaces are popular.
Tough the latter might be preferred since web-based in-
terfaces need to remember the web address or user cre-
dentials to log into the system, smartphone-based
applications are not that complex. Te extra steps required in
web interfaces to access the system might be considered
unnecessary annoyance by the user, while smartphone-
based interfaces are specifcally designed to reduce the
amount of complexity for the user.
11.5. Discussion on Services Provided by SHS.
Recent de-
velopments in SHSs have introduced diferent types of
services in SHSs that make smart homes more secure,
comfortable, and user-friendly. High emphasis has been
given to networks and home security, which makes home
less prone to security threats. Systems to neutralize both
physical and network threats have been developed over the
years. Energy management has been another major sector of
development that helps smart homes be energy efcient and
environmentally friendly. With the help of image processing,
machine learning, and deep learning, gesture recognition
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
23
has become more accurate and efcient, which allows users
to control appliances with mere gestures. For elderly and
physically challenged people, researchers have developed
specialized smart homes that make the lives of elderly people
easier, more comfortable, and more attentive to medical
needs. Moreover, fnally, remote appliance control has
19
2
24
78
8
18
8
6
1
17
14
54
57
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
WSN
MULTI-AGENT
IMAGE PROCESSING
IOT
AI
MACHINE LEARNING
DEEP LEARNING
NEURAL NETWORK
FUZZY LOGIC
GSM
BLUETOOTH
SINGLE APPROACH
MULTIPLE APPROACH
Frequency of Utilization
Te
ch
no
logical A
pp
roac
hes
Figure
8: Comparison of technological approaches of SHS.
38
2
5
2
25
36
35
82
29
0
20
40
60
80
OTHER
LPC
PIC
FPGA
ESP32/8266
RASPBERRY PI
ARDUINO
SINGLE MICROCONTROLLER
MULTIPLE MICROCONTROLLER
Frequency of Utilization
Pr
ocess
or/C
on
tr
ol
ler T
yp
e
Figure
9: Comparison of microcontroller usage in SHSs.
52
55
32
16
11
3
7
25
4
5
13
2
2
4
26
4
4
19
Frequency
Sensor Type
PIR
TEMPERA
TURE
HU
MID
IT
Y
GAS
SMOK
E
UL
TRASO
NI
C
FL
AME
LD
R
PRESS
URE
A
C
CELER
O
METER
DOO
R
GYR
OSC
O
PE
PULS
E
FL
UID D
ETECTI
O
N
CAMERA
FS
R
FLEX
O
THER
Figure
10: Frequency of diferent sensor usage in SHS.
24
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
added a new dimension to the comfort level of the smart
home user, which allows remote access and control of home
appliances.
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