Table 3.
Categorisation of the intended aim as described by the authors of the included 12 studies.
Reference
Category
Energy
Well-Being
Dikel, Li, Vuotari and Mancini [
44
]
Component performance
x
Byun, Hong, Lee and Park [
40
]
System design or development
x
x
Cimini, Freddi, Ippoliti,
Monteriu and Pirro [
43
]
System design or development
x
x
Frascarolo, Martorelli and Vitale [
49
]
System design or development
x
x
Izsó, Láng, Laufer, Suplicz and
Horváth [
41
]
System design or development
x
Kwon, Im and Lim [
39
]
System design or development
x
x
Kwon and Lim [
38
]
System design or development
x
x
Tang, Kalavally, Ng
and Parkkinen [
47
]
System design or development
x
Wang [
42
]
System design or development
x
Ahmadi-Karvigh, Ghahramani,
Becerik-Gerber and Soibelman [
48
]
Application evaluation and
implementation
x
Kumar, Kar, Warrier,
Kajale and Panda [
45
]
Application evaluation and
implementation
x
x
Ringel, Laidi and Djenouri [
46
]
Application evaluation and
implementation
x
Plischke, Linek and Zauner [
50
]
Application evaluation and
implementation
x
3.4. Study Characteristics
An evaluation of the study type and completeness of the included studies in different
sections, documentation of dependent and independent variables, the inclusion of signifi-
cant information regarding methodology (duration, sample size, location) was performed
and the extracted data are shown in Table
4
. Lighting characteristics are separately shown
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in Table
5
. Selection criteria allowed studies published after 2001 (and before March 2021)
and this resulted in one study published in each 2009, 2013, 2015, and 2020, two studies in
2014, 2018, and 2019, and three in 2017. Surprisingly, no studies were found to have been
published between 2009 and 2013.
3.4.1. Methodological Characteristics
Study type—Studies were categorised into three different study types: (1) field study,
(2) computational modelling (including algorithm development and computer simulations),
and (3) laboratory study. In general, six papers included more than one study type; four
studies included laboratory and computational modelling, and two studies included field
and computational modelling. Three studies were conducted only as a laboratory study,
two studies as a field study, and two as computational modelling (see Table
4
).
Location—The research regarding smart lighting systems was conducted all over the
world. Studies that investigated energy saving were conducted in and for California [
48
],
Madrid [
49
], Singapore [
45
], South Korea [
38
,
39
], Malaysia [
47
], Germany and Algeria [
46
],
and Canada [
44
]. Studies that solely investigated well-being were executed in Hungary [
41
]
and Germany [
50
].
Residence type and size—In total, two studies were conducted in elderly homes [
41
,
50
].
Ahmadi-Karvigh, Ghahramani, Becerik-Gerber and Soibelman [
48
], and Frascarolo, Mar-
torelli and Vitale [
49
] evaluated their studies in a real field setting, including two apart-
ments and a full-scale house mock-up. Concerning the size of the residence, a simulation
study [
46
] was conducted in a house with an area of 150 m
2
, while Tang, Kalavally, Ng and
Parkkinen [
47
] included only a living room with an area of ~20 m
2
. For all residences, the
living room and bedroom were the most investigated spaces.
Sample size and target group—The sample size (human subjects or tested products)
was reported in six studies; Ahmadi-Karvigh, Ghahramani, Becerik-Gerber and Soibel-
man [
48
] included two single-occupied apartments (the number of residents was not
specified), and Izsó, Láng, Laufer, Suplicz and Horváth [
41
] involved 30 elderly people
(aged 64–88). Plischke, Linek and Zauner [
50
] included 16 older people and 16 staff work-
ing in elderly homes. Wang [
42
] included 10 users in one room simulation and Ringel,
Laidi and Djenouri [
46
] simulated one household with four family members. Dikel, Li,
Vuotari and Mancini [
44
] tested 30 different types of smart LEDs for evaluation of their
standby energy performance.
Duration—The duration of the conducted studies varied from one day to one year,
depending on the aim and study type. Two studies conducted their experiment for 14
days [
40
,
48
]. Frascarolo, Martorelli and Vitale [
49
] measured energy consumption on an
hourly and yearly basis. Izsó, Láng, Laufer, Suplicz and Horváth [
41
] conducted their
experiment for half a day in an elderly home. Plischke, Linek and Zauner [
50
] and Kwon,
Im and Lim [
39
] conducted their study for one day. Kwon and Lim [
38
] performed their
study for four days, including one day in four different seasons.
3.4.2. Lighting System Characteristics
The overview of smart lighting characteristics revealed that there were three different
types of light sources (CFL, LED, and Smart LED) in the proposed lighting systems, of
which LED was the most common light source (see Table
5
). Regarding communication
network protocols, nine studies reported using wireless, and one study reported using
wired protocols. Out of the nine studies that used wireless protocols, eight studies em-
ployed Zigbee and Xbee protocols [
38
–
40
,
42
,
43
,
45
,
47
,
48
], and one study used Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth [
44
]. A wired Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) was used by one
study [
50
]. Three studies did not report the network protocol for communication [
41
,
46
,
49
].
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