Smart Lighting Application for Energy Saving and User Well-Being in the Residential Environment

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Keywords:
home environment; intelligent lighting; lighting control; energy saving; user comfort;
user well-being; lighting protocol
1. Introduction
In the future, everything may be ‘connected’ and ‘smart’ in the built environment. The
concept of smart lighting has emerged over the past decade in commercial and industrial
environments, predominantly focusing on energy saving. From a broader perspective,
smart lighting in the residential environment is a part of the ‘smart home’ concept where the
main goal is to provide and promote user comfort, convenience, and security, and to satisfy
residents’ needs [
1
]. Rossi [
2
] (p. 179) defined smart lighting systems (SLS) as ‘lighting
systems with the ability to control, communicate and interconnect data, able to provide new ways of
interacting with the luminous performances in new luminaires, equipped in turn to offer additional
service’. Schubert and Kim [
3
] (p. 1277) defined smart lighting as ‘solid-state sources—
in particular, Light Emitting Diodes (LED)-based sources—offer what was inconceivable with
conventional sources: controllability of their spectral, spatial, temporal, and polarisation properties
as well as their colour temperature’. In general, smart lighting systems consist of energy-
efficient light sources such as LEDs, a wireless communication network including software,
and (optional) sensors aiming to provide optimal lighting solutions integrated with a
control system [
2
]. A smart light bulb is an illumination source (LED system or another light
source) in a housing configured to fit a conventional light fixture. Additionally, the housing
contains a processor, which controls the light source’s intensity and colour, and a transmitter
and/or receiver to enable signal exchange with other smart devices, such as another smart
light bulb or another device. The type of protocol used for (wireless) communication
within the SLS is reported to have varying power use, as there are several communication
protocols. The ZigBee protocol, frequently used these days, consumes less power than other
protocols like Wi-Fi [
4
,
5
]. Hence, a network based on Wi-Fi communication only consumes
more energy than if part of the data communication is done via a ZigBee protocol (see
Figure
1
). Protocols like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) have the advantage of consuming an
Sustainability 2021, 13, 6198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116198
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2021, 13, 6198
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even lower amount of energy but are limited in communication distance and the number
of connected devices.
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
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done via a ZigBee protocol (see Figure 1). Protocols like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) have
the advantage of consuming an even lower amount of energy but are limited in commu-
nication distance and the number of connected devices.

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