|
Smart Lighting Application for Energy Saving and User Well-Being in the Residential EnvironmentBog'liq modellashtirish Photoshop rastrli grafik muharririda ishlash asoslari, 1 saida opagaFigure 1. Examples of communication network structures: Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi combined with ZigBee,
and Bluetooth Low Energy.
Recent literature reviews on smart lighting and controls showed that the application
of smart lighting systems is mainly conducted in non-residential environments, focusing
on energy savings [6–8]. Studies in office environments exhibited potentials for energy
saving varying from 17 to 94% over traditional (manual) control systems, depending on
user behaviour, activity patterns, and different types of control systems, such as daylight
harvesting and occupancy control systems [6,9–15]. Control systems based on occupancy-
sensing are commonly used for energy saving by detecting the user’s motion in the tar-
geted environment. This control system can potentially result in energy savings of 3 to
60% depending on user behaviour and activity patterns [6,16]. Daylight-integrated light-
ing control systems can be used to turn off or dim down the electric lights automatically
based on the available natural light in the room to achieve a target illumination level.
Studies have shown that this type of control system can typically achieve over 40% of
energy saving [11,17]. However, their effectiveness highly depends on orientation, lati-
tude, and window characteristics. Other types of control systems, such as schedule-based
control systems, are useful when occupancy patterns are predictable and set [7]. The use
of the different lighting control systems may result in significant energy savings, but oc-
cupants’ behaviour, building or room properties (geometry), daylight entrance, and type
of activity have substantial effects on a system’s performance [7]. Even though many
smart lighting studies have focused on energy saving issues, recently, studies were con-
ducted to investigate promoting and supporting user well-being [18–22]. The importance
of lighting design and its effect on well-being in the built environment was discussed by
Altomonte et al. [23], as it affects and is affected by, for instance, aesthetic aspects of the
environment, visual comfort, visual performance, and light effects beyond vision.
For commercial buildings, innovative luminaires with daylight-dependent dimming
and wirelessly controlled occupancy sensors have already been on the market for decades.
Available residential studies mainly focus on computational modelling (and validation)
of control and behaviour (e.g., [24,25]). Wasted energy consumption by lighting in scenar-
ios where light is on in unoccupied rooms at home may relate to behavioural goals and
social needs. In this regard, Gerhardsson et al. [26] investigated various reasons behind
electricity consumption by lighting in Swedish homes and concluded that keeping the
lights on in unoccupied rooms serves a purpose such as preventing visual and aesthetic
discomfort, providing safety, and making the home more inviting. The use of smart bulbs
in homes is expected to increase from just over 2% in 2020 to nearly 8% in 2025 [27]. Even
though statistical analysis predicts an increase in smart products in homes, it does not
predict user acceptance and long-term usability. To benefit from lighting products’ smart
|
| |
