Smart Lighting Application for Energy Saving and User Well-Being in the Residential Environment

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Figure 1.
Examples of communication network structures: Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi combined with ZigBee, and
Bluetooth Low Energy.
Recent literature reviews on smart lighting and controls showed that the application
of smart lighting systems is mainly conducted in non-residential environments, focusing
on energy savings [
6
–
8
]. Studies in office environments exhibited potentials for energy
saving varying from 17 to 94% over traditional (manual) control systems, depending on
user behaviour, activity patterns, and different types of control systems, such as daylight
harvesting and occupancy control systems [
6
,
9
–
15
]. Control systems based on occupancy-
sensing are commonly used for energy saving by detecting the user’s motion in the targeted
environment. This control system can potentially result in energy savings of 3 to 60%
depending on user behaviour and activity patterns [
6
,
16
]. Daylight-integrated lighting
control systems can be used to turn off or dim down the electric lights automatically
based on the available natural light in the room to achieve a target illumination level.
Studies have shown that this type of control system can typically achieve over 40% of
energy saving [
11
,
17
]. However, their effectiveness highly depends on orientation, latitude,
and window characteristics. Other types of control systems, such as schedule-based
control systems, are useful when occupancy patterns are predictable and set [
7
]. The
use of the different lighting control systems may result in significant energy savings, but
occupants’ behaviour, building or room properties (geometry), daylight entrance, and type
of activity have substantial effects on a system’s performance [
7
]. Even though many smart
lighting studies have focused on energy saving issues, recently, studies were conducted to
investigate promoting and supporting user well-being [
18
–
22
]. The importance of lighting
design and its effect on well-being in the built environment was discussed by Altomonte
et al. [
23
], as it affects and is affected by, for instance, aesthetic aspects of the environment,
visual comfort, visual performance, and light effects beyond vision.
For commercial buildings, innovative luminaires with daylight-dependent dimming
and wirelessly controlled occupancy sensors have already been on the market for decades.
Available residential studies mainly focus on computational modelling (and validation) of
control and behaviour (e.g., [
24
,
25
]). Wasted energy consumption by lighting in scenarios
where light is on in unoccupied rooms at home may relate to behavioural goals and social
needs. In this regard, Gerhardsson et al. [
26
] investigated various reasons behind electricity
consumption by lighting in Swedish homes and concluded that keeping the lights on in
unoccupied rooms serves a purpose such as preventing visual and aesthetic discomfort,
providing safety, and making the home more inviting. The use of smart bulbs in homes
is expected to increase from just over 2% in 2020 to nearly 8% in 2025 [
27
]. Even though
statistical analysis predicts an increase in smart products in homes, it does not predict
user acceptance and long-term usability. To benefit from lighting products’ smart features
and opportunities, households must accept, value, and use the products. According to
Juric and Lindenmeier [
28
] ‘consumer health concerns’, ‘performance expectancy’, and

Sustainability 2021, 13, 6198
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‘compatibility’ are the major determinants of user behaviour in terms of user acceptance or
resistance of smart lighting products. In office environments, many user acceptance studies
have shown that automatic lighting control systems must be combined with some level of
personal control (e.g., [
29
–
31
]), especially if the goal is to improve users’ moods and their
satisfaction with the lighting and the indoor environment [
32
].
Even though the number of smart lighting bulbs in homes is increasing, the opportuni-
ties for smart lighting systems in the residential environment and their effects on well-being
and energy performance have not been widely explored. Therefore, this study aimed to
review the literature regarding the effect of smart lighting systems on energy consumption
and well-being in residential environments.

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