227
Altitude tint. See Layer tint
Andrews, J. H., 6
Animated maps, 5, 202–205, 233
challenges, 203–204
design, 204–205
graphic variables, 203
nontemporal, 202
temporal, 202
Areal data, symbolizing, 159
Areal phenomena, 134, 233
Area of least deformation, 107
Association of American Geographers, 41
Audience, 24–25
and generalization, 89
and projection, 125
and symbolization, 143
Azimuth, 94–95, 233
Azimuthal equal-area projection, 116, 228
Azimuthal equidistant projection, 116–117,
228
Azimuthal projections, 112–119, 233
aspects, 111, 112
B
Balance, 20–21
and typefaces, 54
visual, 233
Bar graph, 233
Bar scale, 74
Base data, 78–80, 233
external, 78
internal, 78–80
sources, 79–80
Base map, 234
Beauty, 41
Beck, Harry, 198
Bertin, Jacques, 136
Bias, 9–11, 89
Bivariate cartogram, 234
Bivariate choropleth, 183–186, 234
Black and white maps, 67–69
Border. See Frame
Brewer, Cynthia, 65, 66, 69
Bryson, Bill, 76–77
c
Cadastral, 97–98, 234
CADD, 4
CaGIS, 41
Callout, 47, 48, 49, 234
Cartogram, 189–198, 234
bivariate, 193–195, 234
center point, 195, 196, 234
distance-by-time, 190, 195–196, 236
Demers, 193, 194, 235
Dorling, 193, 236
linear, 190, 195–196, 238
index
Pages in boldface refer to Appendix A, Commonly Used Projections, and Appendix C, Glossary
252 index
Cartogram ( cont.)
purpose, 197
value-by-area, 189, 190–195, 242
contiguous, 190–192, 235
noncontiguous, 192–193, 239
Cartography, 6, 234
engineering, 4
geographic, 4, 13
Censuses, 81
Chernoff faces, 182, 234
Choropleth mapping, 160–168, 234
class intervals, choosing, 167–168
arithmetic progression, 167
equal steps, 167
geometric progression, 168
natural breaks, 168
standard deviations, 167–168
data, 162–163
data analysis, 165–168
dasymetric techniques, 163–164, 235
design, 164–165
legends, 165
multivariate, 183–186
simple, 161–163
limitations, 161, 162
trivariate, 242
unclassed (classless), 164, 165, 166–167,
242
Chroma. See Saturation
Chorodot, 180
Classification of geographic data, 135–136
Color, 57–70
additive primaries, 58
associations, 64–65
attention attraction, 63
audience, 65
black and white, 67–69
choosing, 62–66
chroma; see Saturation
clarifying and simplifying agent, 62
ColorBrewer, 66, 69
connotations, 64–65
conventions, 64
dimensions, 59–60
electromagnetic spectrum, 58
figure-ground relationship, 62
gray scale, 59, 60
harmony, 69–70
hue, 59, 238
intensity; See Color, saturation
interactions, 67
lightness, 56, 238
nature, 58
nature of data, 66
perceptibility, 62
preferences, 64
primaries, 58, 59
reasons for using, 62
saturation, 59–60
schemes, 66–67
binary, 66, 234
diverging, 67, 236
qualitative, 66
quantitative, 66–67
sequential, 66–67
specification systems, 60–62
CIE system, 60
Munsell system, 60–61
Pantone matching system, 61
spot colors, 61
subjective aspects
subtractive primaries, 58
uses, 62–65
value, 59; see also Color, lightness
viewing the map, 65
visible spectrum, 58, 59
Communication, 5, 235
in design, 41
symbolic, 132
theory, 15
Compass rose, 36, 37, 221
Compilation, 78–81, 235
base data, 78–80, 233
external, 78
internal, 78–80
sources, 79–80
thematic (primary) data, 80–81
Composition, 18, 31–41, 235
Compromise projections, 103–104, 235
Computer, impact, 200–201
Condensed projections, 122, 235
Conformal projections, 102–103, 235
Conic projections, 118–119, 235
aspects, 111, 119
Contrast, 21, 235
Control points, 169, 235
Contour lines, 171, 235
Conventional projections, 105, 235
Conventions, 27, 144
Copyright, 81–82
Critical cartography, 16
Critiquing, 42, 213–222,
Cylindrical conformal projection. See Merca-
tor projection
Cylindrical projections, 107–112, 235
aspects, 111–112
index 253
d
Dahlberg, Richard, 126, 126
Dasymetric map, 163–164, 235
Data, 135
base, 238
measurement, 235
interval, 135–136
nominal, 135
ordinal, 135
ratio, 135–136
nature, 66, 143
spatial, 242
statistical, 81
storage, 8–9
symbolization, 143
thematic, 80–81
Data analysis, 165–168
Data model, 235
Dent, Borden, 191
Design, 18–42, 236
constraints, 31
conventions, 24
elements, 31–41
goals, 19–23
balance, 20–21, 234
clarity, 19, 48, 234
contrast, 21, 235
harmony, 22–23, 237
order, 19–20, 239
unity, 21–22, 242
layout, 18
overall appearance, 41
planning, 18, 23–31
audience, 24–25
format, 25–26
intent, 24
map purpose, 23–24
production, 26
reproduction, 26
solutions, 29–31
units/elements, 31–41
border/ frame, 40–41
inset maps, 38–39
legend, 33
orientation, 35–37
scale, 33–35
subject area, 32
supplemental text and illustrations,
39–40
title, 32
visual hierarchy, 27–28
white space, 21, 22
Developable surface, 104, 106, 236
Diagrams, 198–199
DiBiase, David, 4, 5, 180
Digital and online maps, 201
Direction, 94, 95, 236
azimuth, 94, 95, 233
compass, 94
loxodrome, 94, 239
rhumb line, 241
Distance, 93–94
nautical mile, 93, 239
statute mile, 93, 242
Distance-by-time cartogram, 236
center point, 195, 196, 234
linear, 190, 195–196, 238
Dot maps, 147–149, 178, 180, 236
dot density maps, 148–149, 150, 236
multivariate, 178, 180
purpose, 147
simple, 147–148
Dreyfuss, Henry, 65
e
Earth, shape and size, 91–92
Eckert IV projection, 226
Editing, text, 43
Electromagnetic spectrum, 58, 236
Equal-area projections, 102, 236
Equator, 92, 236
Equidistant projections, 103, 236
Equivalent projections, 102, 236
Ethics, 12
f
Field studies, 80
Figure-ground relationship, 28, 236
Fitzsimons, Dennis, 78
Flow line, 158, 236
Font, 51, 236
Form/shape, symbols, 137–138
Format, 25–26, 236
and projection choice, 125–126
as design constraint, 31
Frame, 40–41
g
Generalization, 9, 82–89, 237
base data, 87
254 index
Generalization ( cont.)
goals, 83
governing factors, 87–89
equipment, 89
map purpose and topic, 88
map scale, 88
quality of data, 89
reader ability, 89
operations, 83–87
classification, 86, 234
displacement, 86–87
exaggeration, 86, 87
grouping, 85–86
selection, 9–11, 83–85, 241
simplification, 85, 241
smoothing, 85
symbolization, 87, 242
thematic data, 87–88
General purpose maps, 7, 237
Geographic information science, 4, 237
Geographic information systems (GIS), 4,
14, 237
Geographic cartography, 13
Geographic data, 237
levels of classification, 135–136
interval, 135–136
nominal, 135
ordinal, 135
ratio, 135–136
Geographical names, 49–50
Geographic phenomena, 133, 142
areal, 134
continuity, 135, 142
form, 134
linear, 134
location, 135
volume, 134, 142
Geographic projection, 126–127, 128
Geoid, 91, 237
Geovisualization, 4
Globe
generating, 104–105
limitations, 100
properties, 99–100
Glyphs, 182–183
Gnomonic projection, 100, 114–116, 227, 237
Goode’s homolosine projection, 121–122, 226
Gradient, 237
Graduated circles, 149–154, 237; see also
Point symbols, proportional
Graphic variables; see also Visual variables
animated, 203
haptic, 203
sound, 203
tactile, 203
Graticule, 35, 91, 93, 125, 237
Gray scale, 59, 237
Great circle, 92, 237
Grids, 96–98
Grid ticks, 37, 126, 237
h
Halo, 49, 237
Haptic maps, 203, 205–207
Harmony, 237
design, 22–23
type faces, 53–54
Harrower, Mark, 200, 202–204
Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graph-
ics, 14
Histogram, 166, 237
Hodler, Thomas, 213
Hue, 58, 59, 238
Hypsometric maps, 64
Hypsometric tints, 175–176, 238
I
Illustrations, supplemental, 39–40
Inset maps, 38–39, 238
Intellectual hierarchy, 27
Interactive map, 207–208, 238
Interpolation, 238
Interrupted projections, 122, 123, 238
Interval classification, 135–136
Isarithm, 169–176, 238
creating, 173
Isarithmic interval, 238
choosing, 171
Isarithmic mapping, 169–176
contour line, 171, 235
control points, 169, 174, 235
design, 173–176
isometric, 171, 238
isopleth, 171, 238
legends, 176
shading, 173, 175–176
Isoanamorphic lines, 107, 238
Isobar, 170, 171
Isobath, 170–171
Isochrone, 238
Isohyet, 170, 171
Isohypse, 171
index 255
Isoline, 170, 238
Isometric line, 171, 238
Isopleth, 171, 238
intervals, 238
Isotherm, 170, 171
j
Jenks, George, 14, 180
k
Key, 238; see also Legend
l
Label placement, 46–49
Lambert’s equal-area projection, 116, 117
Lambert’s conformal conic projection, 118, 226
Land-water distinction, 28–29
Latitude, 92–93, 238
Layer tint, 175–176, 238
Layout, 238
Leader lines, 48, 49
Legend, 33, 45, 238
Lettering, planning for, 43
Lettering, aspects, 43
Linear phenomena, 239
Linear symbols, 157–159, 239
Line of constant compass direction, 94
Linear scale. See Scale, graphic
Longitude, 92–93, 239
Loxodrome, 94, 108–109, 239
Loxodromic curve, 94
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