m MacEachren, Alan M., 4, 5, 180 Map, 6–7, 239

m
MacEachren, Alan M., 4, 5, 180
Map, 6–7, 239
Map intent, 24
Map limitations, 9–11
Map makeovers, 213–222
Map making, 4, 6
Maps, power, 11, 12
Map purpose, 23
Mapping process, 12–13, 214
Mapping programs, 26
Map projections, 98–128
Map reader. See Audience
Map subject, 24
Map theme, 24, 142
Map types, 7
general purpose, 7
special purpose, 7
thematic, 7
Map user. See Audience
Masks, 48, 49
Mathematical projections, 105, 119–122
Mercator, Gerardus, 108
Mercator-Peters controversy, 109–111
Mercator Projection, 100–101, 108–111, 225
Meridian, 93, 239
Metes and bounds, 98
Miller cylindrical projection, 225
Minimum error projections, 103–104
Mollweide projection, 120–121, 225
Monmonier, Mark, 127
Multimedia maps, 207
Multivariate mapping, 178–186
Multivariate area symbols, 183–186
Multivariate point symbols, 178–183
Munsell system, 60, 61
n
NACIS (North American Cartographic 
Information Society), 41
Name placement, 46–49
guidelines, 46–48
Nautical mile, 93, 239
Natural breaks, 168
Neat line, 40, 239
Nominal classification, 135, 239
North arrow, 35–37, 126, 215
Number line, 166
o
Olson, Judy, 185, 192
Optical center, 20, 239
Orientation, 35–37
projection, 126
symbols, 35–37
Orthographic projection, 112, 113, 228
Overlap, 159
P
Permissions, 82
Peters, Arno, 110

256 index 
Parallel, 92, 239
Pattern, as graphic variable, 137, 139
Pie chart, 154, 180–182, 240
Planning, 12
Point phenomena, 134, 240
Point symbols, 146–157
design, 155–157
dots, 147–149
proportional, 149–157, 240
legends, 157
quantitative, 147–157
range graded, 149, 151
three-dimensional, 154–155
uses, 151
qualitative, 147
Polyconic projection, 119–120, 227
Power, of maps, 11–12
Presentation, 12
Primaries, 240
Prime meridian, 93, 240
Principal meridians, 97
Production, 12, 26
Projection, 11, 98–128, 240
aspects, 111–112
azimuthal, 103, 112–117
choosing, 122–126
classification, 101–105
compromise, 103–104
condensed, 122, 123
conformal, 102–103
conic, 118–119
cylindrical, 107–108
deformation, 105–107
equidistant, 103
equivalent, 102
interrupted, 122
mathematical, 119–122
misuse, 126–127
perspective, 105
plane, 112–119
pseudocylindrical, 108
properties, 101–102
scale, 105
surface, 104–105
zone of least deformation, 243
Public domain, 82
Public Land Survey System (PLSS), 95, 
97–98
Q
Qualitative symbols, 240
Qualitative symbols, 240
Quantiles, 168
R
Radar graphs, 183
Ray glyphs, 183
Raisz, Erwin, 14, 189, 190
Rectangular projections, 107; see also Cylin-
drical projections
Reference globe. See Globe, generating
Reference maps, 7
Remote sensing, 14
Representative fraction, 73–74, 76, 241
Renaissance, 13
Reproduction, 26–27
Resolution, 9
Revolutions in cartography, 13–16
Rhumb line, 94, 241
Robinson, Arthur H., 14, 62
Robinson projection, 105, 122, 220, 226
Rumsey, David, 208
s
Sampling points, 169
Saturation, 59–60, 241
Scale, 11, 73–78, 105, 241
bar, 74
calculating, 74–76
choosing, 76–77
conversion factors, 76
as design element, 33–35, 76
and generalization, 88
graphic, 34, 74
as limiting factor, 11
kinds, 34
large, 74
linear, 74
natural, 73
nominal, 105
purpose, 34–35, 36
ratio, 73
representative fraction, 73–74, 76, 241
representing, 76
small, 74
verbal, 73–74, 76
Scale factor, 107, 241
Selection, 9–11, 83–85, 241
Serifs, 51
Shape, as visual variable

index 257
Sheesley, Ben, 54
Sherman, John, 14
Simplification, 85, 241
Sinusoidal projection, 120, 121, 225
Small circle, 92
Social impact, 12
Software, 26
Sound maps, 203,205
Sources, evaluating, 81
Spatial phenomena, 242
Spatial representation, 9
Specification (spec) sheets, 41, 54, 69
Special purpose maps, 7
Spectral sequence, 242
Spot colors, 61–62
Standard deviation, 167–168
Standard lines, 107
Standard parallel, 118, 242
Standard points, 107, 242
State Plane Coordinate System, 95, 96–97
Statistical surface, 134, 159, 242
Statute mile, 242
Stereographic projection, 114, 228
Subtitle, 44
Subtractive primaries, 58, 242
SYMAP, 14
Symbol, 242
abstract, 138, 233
arbitrary, 138
associative, 138, 233
compatibility, 144
crispness, 140
dynamic, 138
form, 134
geometric, 138
hue, 139
lightness, 139
linear, 138, 239
location, 139
mimetic, 138, 239
multivariate area, 183–186
multivariate point, 178–183
orientation, 139, 140
pattern, 138
pictorial, 138, 240
qualitative point, 147
quantitative point, 147–157
replicative; see Symbol, pictorial
representational; see Symbol, pictorial
saturation, 139
selection and design, 141–145
semi-mimetic, 241
size, 138–139
shape or form, 137–138
texture, 137, 139
tonal value, 137, 139
transparency, 140
visual variables, 136–141, 203, 243
Symbolization, 131–145, 242
areal data, 159
along lines, 157–159
at points, 146–157
data, 133, 142
graphic variables, 136–141, 203
guidelines, 141
volume data, 159–176
t
Tactile maps, 205, 206
Text, 43–46
explanatory, 46
labeling, 46–49
legends, 45
placement, 43
planning, 43
purpose, 43
source statement, 46
supplemental, 39–40
titles, 32, 43–45
wording, 43
Texture, 137, 139
Thematic maps, 7, 242
purpose, 7–9
Thrower, Norman J. W., 3
Thumbnail sketch, 30, 31
Township, 98
20th-century cartography, 13–16
Type, 50–56, 242
as symbol, 52–53
measurement, 50
Typefaces, 51–52, 242
availability, 55
balance, 54
choosing, 43, 52, 55
editing, 55–56
harmony, 53–54
hierarchy, 54
legibility, 53
measurement, 50
modern, 51–52, 239
oldstyle, 51–52, 239
perceptibility, 53
personality, 53–54, 55
points, 50

258 index 
Typefaces (cont.)
sans serif, 51–52
special, 51–52
styles, 50
suitability for reproduction, 55
TypeBrewer, 54
Typography, 50–55, 242
U
Uncertainty, 159
Unity, 21–22, 242
Universal transverse mercator (UTM), 95–96
User. See Audience
User needs, 24
V
Value, 242
Value-by area cartogram, 190–195, 242
Verbal scale, 73–74, 242
Visible spectrum, 58, 242
Visual hierarchy, 243
figure-ground relationship, 28, 236
Visualization, 4–5, 15, 243
Visual hierarchy, 28
Visual variables, 136–141, 203, 243
form, 137–138
hue, 139
orientation, 139, 140
pattern, 138
shape, 137–138
texture, 137, 139
tonal value, 137, 139
Visual weight, 20
Volume data, symbolizing, 159–176
Volume phenomena, 134, 243
w
Web maps, 207–209
White space, 21, 243
z
Zenithal projections, 112, 243
Zone of least deformation (zone of best rep-
resentation), 106–107, 243

259 
About the Author
Judith Tyner is Professor Emerita of Geography at California State University Long 
Beach. She taught in the Geography Department for over 35 years, where she served 
as Department Chair for 6 years and as Director of the Cartography/GIS Certificate 
Program from its inception (1980) until her retirement. While at CSULB Dr. Tyner 
taught beginning and advanced cartography, map reading and interpretation, his-
tory of cartography, and remote sensing. A member of the Association of American 
Geographers, the North American Cartographic Information Society, the Cartogra-
phy and Geographic Information Society, and the California Map Society, she is the 
author of two previous textbooks and over 30 articles.