• A stumbling block
  • Few words to say about this book




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    THE-BIBLE-OF-IELTS-READING-BOOK

    Bad behavior 
    But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone 
    is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure 
    rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to 
    plan. ‘Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,’ says Bernstein. ‘Occasionally, it will take a branch and go 
    someplace it wasn’t supposed to go.’ 
    And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? ‘What goes up must come down,’ 
    points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by 
    EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely- and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to 
    put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system 
    is just emerging from the laboratory. 
    The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons 
    out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm 
    cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong 
    enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be 
    pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The 
    mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be 
    cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to 
    international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds. 
    A stumbling block 
    However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes up a whole 
    room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. 
    He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels’s 
    system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies

    But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial 
    system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. T cannot say I have money yet, but I’m working on it,’ 


    137 
    says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he’s hoping for good 
    news. Bernstein predicts ‘an avalanche of interest and support’ if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-
    zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each. 
    Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find 
    out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive 
    meteorology’ - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. ‘If we could discharge clouds, we 
    might affect the weather,’ he says. 
    And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. ‘We think we could 
    prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is 
    thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the 
    moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, 
    as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back. 

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