| G
gaa : mint bot
gaali : customs
gaans : pipe [Tib gang-zag]
gachuur : larch bot [OM gatira]
gadaa : outside [OM *gada-]
gagnah : weld [Chi]
gagts : alone [OM gagti]
gahay : pig zool [OM gakay]
gal : fire [OM gali, cp. Eve guluvun bonfire]
galav : era [OM galabh, Skt kalpa]
galirah : be tired, sad [OM galira-]
galuu : goose zool [OM galaghun]
galzuu : rabid [OM galdighu, cp. OT *qal-]
gan : steel [OM gang, Chi gang]
gan : drought [OM gang, Chi gan]
ganirah : be mad [OM gani-]
gantig : marble
gants : alone [cp. Man gancuhan; see gagts]
gar : arm, hand [cp. Tur kol arm, Kyr kol, Man gala hand, Eve ngale]
garah : depart [cp. Tur gez- walk, Man gara-, Eve gir-, Kor kada go and korüm step]
gaslah : be sad [OM gasal-, cp. Man gasa-]
gashuun : bitter [OM gasighun and gosighun, cp. Man gosihon]
gatsaa : village
gavar : camphor [OM gabhur, Tib ga-bur, Skt karpura]
gay : woe, disaster [OM gayi, cp. Tur kaygi grief, Kyr kaygi, OT *kadh, Jap kui regret]
gayhah : wonder [OM gayiqa-, cp. Man gaiqa-]
gazar : place [OM gadiar land < *gada-; see gadaa]
gazh : abnormal [OM gadi crooked]
gazhuu : false [OM gadighu < *gadi; see gazh]
gedes : belly
gedreg : backward [OM gederge < *ged-, Tur geri back, Kyr kiyin after, OT *ked-, Jap kita north]
gegee : light; dawn [OM gegeghen < geghen bright < *ge-, cp. Tur gün day, günes sun, OT *kün; see giyh]
geh : say [OM *ge- < *genge- < geme- and keme-, cp. Kyr kengesh counsel, OT *kenge-]
geldreh : walk [OM gelderi-, cp. Tur gel- come, Kyr kel-, OT *kel-]
gem : crime [cp. Tur kem bad, Kyr kem less, worse, OT *kem, Per kam few]
ger : tent, house [OM ger, cp. Tib gur]
gerch : witness [OM gereti, cp. Tuv herechi]
gerel : light, brightness [OM gerel < *geler < *gel-, cp. Man gere, Eve ngeri; see giyh]
gergiy : woman [OM gergen housewife; see ger]
getel : but
gevch : but
gezeg : hair-knot [OM gedige < *ged-; see gedreg]
ginzh : chain [Chi]
gishüün : member [OM gesighün]
giychin : guest [OM geyitin < *geritin; see ger, aylchin]
giyh : be bright [OM geyi- < *geli- < *gel-; see gyalayh]
gol : riverbed; axis [cp. Man golo]
golomt : hearth [OM golomta, cp. Kyr kolomto]
gonzgor : oblong [OM gondigar < *gondi- be oblong, cp. Eve ngonim long]
goozhih : drip [OM goghudi-]
gorhi : stream [OM goriki and goriqa]
goridoh : hope [OM gori-, cp. Tur gör- see, Kyr kör-, OT *kör-]
gots : chiefly
goymon : noodle [Chi gua-mian]
goyo : nice [OM gua, cp. Kor koun, Chi]
gölög : cub, whelp [OM gölige]
gölröh : stare
göröh : plait [OM güre-]
göröö : hunt [OM gürüghe game, cp. Man gurgu animal]
gua : melon [Chi]
gualin : beam
guanz : restaurant [Chi guanji]
guay : lord
guch : thirty num [OM gutin < *gurbhan-on, cp. Man gosin; see gurav]
gudam : corridor
gudamzh : street [OM gudumdi, Chi]
guld : along [OM guldu]
gunih : be sad [OM guni-]
gur : roebuck zool [OM gura]
gurav : three num [OM gurbhan, cp. Kit *ghur (Chinggeltei 2002, 107)]
gurguul : pheasant zool [see hyaruul]
guril : flour [OM gulir]
gutal : boot [OM gutal and gudasun, cp. Man gulha, Jap kutsu, Kor kutu]
guu : ravine [cp. Man go canal, Chi]
guuli : brass [cp. Tuv hola copper, Chi]
guurs : feather [OM gaghursun chaff]
guya : thigh anat [Chi gu]
guyh : ask [OM guyi-, cp. Tur kov- chase away, Jap kou beg]
gün : deep [OM gün]
günzh : princess
güren : might [cp. Kit *gür xan (ko-êr-han) "oberster Herrscher" (Doerfer 1992, 48)]
gürgem : saffron bot [cp. Tib gur-gum, Skt kurkuma]
gürvel : lizard zool [OM görbhel and gölbhür and gölbhürghe, cp. Tur keler]
güü : mare zool [OM geü, cp. Man geo]
güür : bridge [OM *göghür < *göphür, cp. Gre gephyra]
güveh : flatten, sweep
güyh : run [OM güyi-]
güyls : apricot bot [cp. Tur kayisi]
güzee : paunch [OM güdighen, cp. Man güdihe]
güzeelzgene : strawberry bot [OM güdigheldirgene < *güdighen-dirgene; see güzee, zhimsgene]
gyalayh : shine [OM gila- < *gil- < *gel-, cp. Eve gille-, Jap kirameku shine]
gyandan : jail [Chi]
gyant : tungsten
H
haa : where [OM qagha, cp. Tur hani, Kyr kayda, OT *kani]
haa : foreleg [OM qagha < *qa]
haah : close [OM qaghalta < *qaph- cover, cp. Tuv haa-, Tur kapa- and kapat-, Kyr kapkak lid, OT *kap, Jap kaburu and kawa leather]
haalga : doorway [OM qaghalga path, cp. Tuv haalga gate]
haalt : bar [OM qaghalta < *qaph-, cp. Kal havha gate, Tur kapi, Kyr kapka, cp. Tabgach *qabhaghtin (k'o-po-chen) doorkeeper, Kit *qabhaghti (ho-pa-chih) wardrobe (Doerfer 1992, 45, 48); see haah]
haan : emperor [OM qaghan, cp. Kyr kan, Man han, Kor khün great]
hachin : comical
had : rock [OM qada, cp. Tur kaya, Tuv haya, OT *kaya < *kadha, Eve kadar]
had : currant bot [OM qadun(g), cp. Tur kayin beech, Kyr kaying birch, Tuv hading, OT *kadhing]
hadaas : nail, peg [OM qadaghasun < qada-; see hadah]
hadah : nail, drive in [OM qada-, cp. Kyr kada-, Tuv kadag nail, peg, OT *kada]
hadah : mow [OM qadu-]
hadam : in-law [OM qadum, cp. Tur kayin, Kyr kayin, OT *kadhin]
haduur : sickle [OM qadughur < qadu-; see hadah]
haga : apart, split [OM qaga, cp. Tur kak- chisel, Kyr kak- strike, OT *kak]
hagas : half [OM qagas < qaga; see haga]
halah : heat, burn [OM qala-, cp. Eve ella coal]
halah : release, relieve [OM qala-, cp. Man hala-]
halbaga : spoon [OM qalbagan, cp. OT *kalbak, and Tur kasik, Kyr kashik, OT *kashuk < *kalak and *kalan]
haldah : be infected [OM qaldu- dirt]
halgah : fear [OM qalg-]
halgay : nettle bot [OM qalagay < qala-; see halah]
halh : shield [OM qalqan, cp. Tur kalkan, Kyr kalkan, OT *kalka]
halih : float [OM qali-, cp. Tur kalk- rise, Kyr kalki-, OT *kalk]
halim : whale zool [OM qalim, cp. Man kalimu, Kor kore, Jap kujira]
halis : crust [OM qalisun; see hörs]
haliu : otter zool [OM qalighun, cp. Man haylun]
haltsrah : get bald [OM qalti- < *qal-, cp. Kyr kashka-, OT *kashka]
haluun : hot [OM qalaghun < qala-; see halah]
halzan : bald [OM qaldin and qaltiyi- < *qal-; see haltsrah]
hamag : all [OM qamug < qamu-, cp. Tur kamu; see hamah]
hamah : gather [OM qamu-, cp. OT *kamu]
hamgaalah : defend [OM qamagala-]
hamar : nose anat [OM qamar and qabhar]
hamb : bishop [Tib mkan-bo teacher]
hamt : together [OM qamtu < qamu-; see hamah]
hamuu : scab [OM qamaghu]
hana : wall [OM qana, cp. Tuv hana]
hanah : be satisfied [OM qanu-, cp. Tur kan- be satisfied, OT *kan]
hanah : let blood [OM qana-, cp. Tur kana- and kan blood, Kyr kan, Tuv han, OT *kan]
hand : syrup [OM qandu, cp. OT *kant, Per qand sugar, Skt kand]
handgay : elk zool [OM qandagay]
hangah : satisfy [OM qangga-]
hanginah : sound, make noise [OM qanggina-]
hanhlah : smell [OM qangqul-]
hani : mate [OM qani, cp. Jap kanau match]
haniah : cough [OM qaniya-]
hantar : bridle [OM qantara- bind a horse, cp. OT *kantar, Man kantara-]
hantsuy : sleeve [OM qamtiu, Chi]
har : black [OM qara, cp. Tur kara, Kyr kara, OT *kara, Man kara]
haraah : curse [OM qariya-, cp. Kyr karga-, OT *karga, Eve eeri- call]
haraatsay : swallow zool [OM qaraghachay < qara black, cp. Tur kirlangich, OT *kirlangich, and Tuv haraachigay, OT *karachkay; see har]
harah : look [OM qara-]
haram : avarice [OM qaram < qara; see har]
harandaa : pencil [Russian karandash]
haranga : gong [OM qarangga, Tib]
haranhuy : dark [OM qaranggui < qara, cp. Kyr karanggi; see har]
harayh : jump [OM qarayi-, cp. OT *karghi and *kaz]
hariltsaa : relation
hariu : answer
hariyn : stranger
harshih : contradict
hartsaga : hawk zool [OM qartigay, cp. Kyr karchiga]
haruul : guard [OM qara-, cp. Kyr karool; see harah]
haruul : plane [OM qarughul]
harvah : shoot [OM qarbhu-, cp. Kyr karuu- weapon, Eve garpa ray]
harvin : fat anat [OM qarbhing and arbhing, cp. OT *kazi, Man kalbin]
hasah : cut off [OM qasu-]
hashaa : fence [OM qasigha < *qasi-]
hashir : experienced
hatah : be dry, hard [OM qata-; see hatuu]
hatavch : pole
hatgah : sting, punch [OM qadqu-]
hatsar : cheek [OM qatir]
hatuu : hard [OM qataghu < qata-, cp. Tur kati, Kyr katuu, OT *kat, Kor kutün; see hatah]
havan : swelling [OM qabhang < qabha- swell, cp. Tur kabar-, OT *kapar]
havar : spring [OM qabhur]
havch : crab zool [OM qabhti]
havdah : swell [OM qabhadu-]
havhag : lid [OM qabhqag < *qaph-; see haah]
havi : vicinity [OM qabh]
havirga : rib [OM qabhirga and qabhisun, cp. Tur kaburga, Kyr kabirga, OT *kaburga]
havtas : cardboard [OM qabhtasun < *qabhta-, Kal haptasen; see havtgay]
havtgay : flat [OM qabhtagay < *qabhta- be flat, Kal haptagi flat, cp. Man kapahun flat]
havtgay : wild camel zool [OM qobhusun and qabhan wild boar, cp. OT *kaban]
hayaa : edge [OM qiyaghan, cp. Kyr kiya slope]
hayag : address [Tib]
hayah : cast [OM qaya-]
haych : scissors [OM qayiti, cp. Kyr kaychi, Eve kaik]
hayh : seek [OM qayi- feel out]
haylaas : elm bot [OM qayilasun]
haylah : melt [OM qayil-]
hayhrah : consider [OM qayiqur- < qayi-; see hayh]
hayr : love [OM qayiran pity]
hayr : gravel [OM qayir, cp. Kyr kayrak whetstone]
hayrah : roast, fry [OM qayir-, cp. Tur kavur-, Kyr kuur-, OT *kaghur, Man hari-]
hayrtsag : box, chest [OM qayirtiag < *qaghurtig < *qaphurtig < *qaph-, cp. Tuv haarzhak, OT *kapurchak; see haah]
hazaar : bridle [OM qadighar < qadi-; see hazah]
hazah : bite [OM qadi-]
hazhuu : side [OM qadighu]
hed : how much [OM kedüy < *ked-, Kal kedüü]
heder : obstinate [OM keder wicked, Kal keder, cp. Kyr kezhir obstinate, Jap kitsui hard, intense, brave]
hedgen : bumble-bee zool [OM kedgene, Kal kedgene]
hee : ornament [OM keghe < *kephe, Kal kee; see hev]
heer : brown [OM kegher, Kal keer, cp. Man keire]
heer : steppe [OM keghere, Kal keer, cp. Eve kever]
hegzhüün : arrogant [OM kegidighün < *keg, cp. Kyr kek vengeance]
hehreh : belch [OM kekire-, Kal kekerhe, cp. Man kekere-]
hel : tongue [OM kelen, Kal kelen, cp. Kor hye]
helbereh : deviate [OM kelbere-]
heleh : say [OM kele-, Kal kelehe; see hel]
helgiy : mute [OM kelegey, Kal kelkee]
helhee : contact [OM kelkiye]
helmerch : interpreter [OM kelemerti, Kal kelmerchi; see heleh]
heltiyh : be bent [OM kelteyi-, Kal kelteehe]
hem : measure [OM kem, Kal kem]
hemh : into bits, apart [OM kemki, Kal kemke]
hen : who [OM ken, Kal ken, cp. Tur kim, Kyr kim, Eve ngi]
henee : distress [OM keneghe, cp. Kyr küyüt grief]
hengereg : drum [OM kenggerge, Kal kenggerge]
herchih : cut [OM kerti-, Kal kerchihe, cp. Tur kerte groove, cut]
heree : crow zool [OM keriyen, Kal keree]
hereg : affair [OM kereg necessity, Kal kereg, cp. Tur gerek necessary, Kyr kerek]
hereh : bind [OM kere-, Kal kerhe, cp. Man kergi-]
hereldeh : quarrel [OM kereldü- < *kere-, Kal kereldehe]
herem : wall [OM kerem, Kal kerem]
herem : squirrel zool [OM keremü, Kal kermen]
herhen : how
herüül : quarrel [OM kereghül < *kere-, Kal kerüül; see hereldeh]
heseg : piece [OM keseg, Kal keseg, cp. Kyr kesik, Tur kes- cut, Kyr kes-, OT *kes]
heseh : loiter [OM kese-]
het : flint [OM kete, Kal kete]
het : too much [OM ketü < *keti, cp. Tur gec- pass, cross, Kyr kech-, OT *kech, Eve kete many]
hetsüü : difficult [OM ketighü extra < *keti, Kal ketsüü; see het]
hev : form [OM kebh, cp. Tur gibi like, Kyr kep form, OT *kep]
heveg : husk bot [OM kebheg, Kal keveg, cp. Tur kepek, Kyr kebhek, OT *kebek]
hevel : belly anat [OM kebheli, Kal kevel, cp. Man kefeli]
hevleh : print [OM kebhle- mould < kebh; see hev]
hevreg : fragile [OM kebhereg, cp. Tur gevrek crunchy, Tuv heerek fragile, Kyr kiyra- shatter]
hevteh : lie down, be flat [OM kebh-, Kal keptehe]
hezee : when [OM kediye < *ked-, Kal kezee; see hed]
hiam : sausage
hicheeh : endeavour, be diligent [OM kitighe-]
hilen : velvet [OM kiling, Kal kileng]
hilen : anger [OM kiling, Kal kileng]
hir : dirt [OM kir, Kal kir, cp. Tur kir, Kyr kir, OT *kir]
hirtey : approximately [see hir]
hiv : moth [OM kibhe]
hiveh : ruminate [OM kebhi-, Kal kevhe, cp. Tur gev-, OT *keb]
hivs : carpet [OM kebhis, Kal kives, cp. Tuv hevis, OT *kebiz, Tib kebs]
hiy : air [OM kei, Kal kii, cp. Chi qi]
hiyd : cloister [Kal kiid, Skt]
hiyh : do [OM ki-, Kal kehe, cp. Tur kil-, Kyr kil-, OT *kil]
hiyl : violin [OM kighili handle]
hiyseh : blow [OM keyi-]
hodood : stomach [OM qotughad, pl. of *qotugha, cp. Man kodo crop]
hog : litter, waste [OM qog]
hoh : damage [OM qoki-]
hol : far [OM qola, cp. Man goro, Eve goro]
holboh : bind, connect [OM qolbu- unite < *qol- pair; see hos]
holdoh : be far [OM qoladu- < qola-; see hol]
holih : mix [OM qoli- < *qol- pair, cp. Kyr kosh- add, OT *kosh < *kol pair; see hos]
hondloy : buttock [OM qondalay < *qong, cp. Man kondiosu]
hongil : cave [OM qonggil, cp. Kyr üngkür, OT *üng pierce; see höndiy]
hongor : kind [OM qonggur]
honh : bell [OM qongqa]
honi : sheep zool [OM qonin, cp. Tur koyun, Kyr koy, Tuv hoy, OT *koni, Man honin]
honoh : spend the night, settle [OM qonu-, cp. Tur kon- stay, Kyr kon-, Tuv hon-, and Tur koy- put, Kyr koy-, OT *ko]
honshoor : snout [OM qonsiyar and qangsighar, cp. OT *kangur, Man kangsari nose-ridge]
honzhih : gain, profit [OM qondi- and qodi-; see hozhih]
hool : meal [OM qoghul; see hooloy]
hooloy : throat [OM qoghulay < *qoghu- hollow; see hooson]
hooson : empty [OM qoghusun < *qoghu- < *qophu- hollow, cp. Tur kovuk, Kyr koo, OT *kobi, Jap kubo cave]
hor : poison [OM qoura]
horhoy : worm zool [OM qorqay, cp. Tur kurt, Kyr kurt, OT *kurt]
hori : twenty num [OM qorin < *qoyorin < *qoyar-on, cp. Man orin; see hoyor]
horih : forbid [OM qori-, cp. Tur koru- guard, Kyr koru-, Tuv horu- forbid, OT *kori]
horoh : diminish [OM qoru-]
horoo : enclosure [OM qorighan and qoriyan < qori-; see horih]
horshoo : union [OM qorsi- unite]
hos : pair [OM qos, cp. Kyr kosh; see holih]
hoshin : humor [OM qosin]
hoshuu : beak [OM qosighun, cp. Kor k'o nose]
hot : town [OM qota corral, cp. Man hoton, Kor kos place]
hotgor : valley [OM qotagir]
hotsroh : leave behind [OM qotir-]
hovor : seldom [OM qobhur]
hoyno : later; to the north [OM qoyi rear]
hoyor : two num [OM qoyar < *qolir < *qol- pair, cp. Kit *kho two (Starikov 1982, 125); see holboh, hos]
hozhigdoh : lose [OM qodigda-]
hozhih : gain [OM qodi- and qondi-; see honzhih]
hozhim : later [OM qodim; see honoh]
hödlöh : move [OM ködel-, Kal ködelhe]
hödöö : land [OM ködeghe, Kal ködee]
hög : melody [OM kög, Kal kög, cp. Tuv hög joy, OT *kög, Chi]
höh : breast [OM kökün, Kal köken, cp. Tur göghüs, Kyr kökürök, OT *köküz, Man huhun, Eve ukun and hiken, Jap kokoro heart, Kog *kor (Itabashi 2003, 143)]
höh : blue [OM köke, Kal kökö, cp. Tur gök sky, Kyr kök sky, blue, OT *kök, Man kuku]
höhröh : laugh [OM kökri- < *kök-, Kal kökshihe, onom.]
höl : foot [OM köl, Kal köl]
höldöh : freeze [OM kölde- < *köl- cold, Kal köldehe freeze; see hüyten]
hölög : vehicle; boat [OM kölgen < köl, Kal kölgen; see höl]
höls : sweat [OM kölüsün, Kal kölsen]
hömsög : brow [OM kömüsge, Kal kömseke, cp. Man human]
höndiy : empty, hollow [OM köndey, Kal köndee, cp. Kyr köngdöy and öndür]
höndlön : across [OM köndelün, Kal köndöleng]
höngön : easy [OM *könggen, Kal künggen]
höö : soot [OM köghe, Kal köö, cp. Kyr köö]
hööh : chase [OM köghe-, Kal kööhe]
höörög : bellows [OM kögherge < köghe-, Kal köörög, cp. Tur körük, Kyr köörük, OT *köri, Man hujuku; see höös]
hööröh : swell, rise, excite [OM köghere- < köghe- < *köphe-, Kal köörhe, cp. Tur köpür-; see höös]
höös : foam [OM köghesün < köghe- swell < *köphe-, Kal köösen foam, cp. Tur köpük, Kyr köbhük, OT *köp swell, Kor kaphüm foam, Man kubsu- swell]
höröh : be cold [OM körü- < *köl- cold, Kal körhe be cold; see höldöh]
höröngö : leaven; capital [OM körüngge, Kal körengge, cp. Kyr körönggö, Jap hooji]
höröö : saw [OM köreghe < *kireghe < *kir-, Kal köree, cp. Tuv hiree, Kyr kerki adze, Jap kiri drill, awl; see hyargah]
hörs : soil, crust [OM körüsün, Kal körsen, cp. Tuv hörzün]
höshig : curtain [OM kösige, Kal köshge, cp. Kyr köshögö, Per kushk kiosk]
höshöö : column [OM kösiye, Kal köshee]
höshüür : lever [OM kösighür, Kal köshüür]
hösög : cart [OM köske]
hötlöh : lead [OM kötel-, Kal kötelhe]
hövch : string [OM köbhti, Kal köpchi]
hövöh : drift, float [OM köbhü-, Kal kövhe, cp. Tur köprü bridge, Kyr köpürö]
hövön : cotton wad [OM köbhüng, Kal köveng, cp. Tuv höveng, Man kubun]
hözör : card [OM *ködir, Kal közer]
hudag : well [OM qudugh, cp. Tur kuyu, Kyr kuduk, OT *kudugh]
hudal : false [OM qudal]
hudaldah : sell [OM qudald-]
hugalah : break [OM qugul-]
hulan : wild donkey zool [OM qula, cp. Tur kulan, Kyr kulan, OT *kulan, Man kulan]
hulgana : mouse zool [OM qulugana, cp. Kyr kish sable, OT *kish < *kil, Man ulhu squirrel, Eve uluki]
hulgay : theft [OM qulaghay and qulasun < *qula-]
huls : bamboo [OM qulusun reed]
hums : nail, claw [OM kimusun and qumusun]
hun : swan zool [OM qun]
hunar : clothing [OM qunar]
hundaga : cup [OM qundaga and quntaga]
hur : rain [OM qura]
huraah : assemble [OM qura- < *qur-, cp. Tur kur- arrange]
hurd : speed [OM qurdun fast]
hurga : lamb zool [OM qurigan, cp. Tur kuzu, Kyr kozu, OT *kozi, Man iren deer]
hurim : wedding [OM qurim assembly < *qur-, cp. Eve kurim; see huraah]
huritsah : covet [OM quriti-]
hurts : sharp, acute [OM qurti-, cp. Kyr kurch]
huruu : finger anat [OM qurughun, cp. Kor kalak]
hus : birch bot [OM qusun, cp. Man isi larch, Jap kusu camphor tree]
husah : shave [OM qusu-]
hush : cedar bot [OM qusi, cp. Man usiha nut, Eve usikta oak, Jap kashi]
hushga : walnut bot
hutag : holiness [OM qutug, cp. Tur kut luck, Eve kutu]
hutga : knife [OM utuga < *utu-, Kal utha]
hutgah : mix [OM qudqu-, cp. Tur kat- add]
huts : buck, ram zool [OM qutia, cp. Tur koc, OT *koch, Man kuca, Eve kucha]
hutsah : bark [OM quti-]
huuchin : old [OM qaghutin]
huuchir : string instrument [Chi hu-jia]
huudas : page [OM qaghu-dasun bark; see huulah]
huulah : peel [OM qaghu-l- < *qaphu-, cp. Tur kabuk bark, Kyr kabhik, OT *kabagha]
huuli : law [Chi]
huur : string instrument [OM qughur, cp. OT *kopuz, Jap koto, Chi hu-cin]
huurah : deceive [OM qaur-]
huuray : dry [OM qaghuray]
huuray : file [OM qaghuray]
huurs : nit zool [OM kighursun and ga(gh)ursun, cp. OT *kauz husk]
huvaah : share [OM qubhiya-, Kal hovaaha]
huvin : bucket [OM qubing, cp. Tur kova]
huvirah : change [OM qubhira- moult, Kal hövrehe]
huvtsas : clothing [OM qubhtiyasun, Kal hoptsa]
huy : sheath [OM qui]
huyag : armor [OM quyag]
huzhir : salty soil [OM qudir, cp. Man hudiri]
hüch : fight [OM küti force, cp. Tur güc, Kyr küch, OT *küch]
hüder : muskrat zool [OM küderi, cp. Jap kitsune fox]
hüher : sulfur [OM *küker, cp. Tur kükürt, Kyr kükürt, Per gugird]
hüleeh : wait, receive [OM küliye-]
hüleh : bind [OM küli-]
hümüüs : people [OM kümün man]
hün : man [OM küngün]
hünd : heavy [OM kündü, cp. Tuv hündü honor, respect, Chi kungde merit]
hüns : daily food [OM künesün]
hüree : cloister [OM küriyen enclosure, cp. Tuv hüree church]
hüreh : reach [OM kür-]
hürel : bronze [OM kürel and küler, cp. Kor kuro copper]
hüren : brown [OM küren, cp. Kyr küröng, OT *küreng, and Tur güz autumn, Kyr küz, OT *küz < *kür]
hürgen : in-law [OM kürgen < kür, cp. OT *köregen; see bergen]
hürhree : waterfall [OM kürkire- roar, cp. OT *köksö]
hürmen : basalt [OM kürmen earth spirit, Kal kürmen]
hürz : shovel [OM kürdi < *kür-, cp. Tur kürek, Kyr kürök, OT *küre]
hüseh : wish [OM küse-, cp. OT *küse]
hüü : son, boy [OM keü]
hüüdiy : bag [Kal küüdee, Chi]
hüühen : girl [OM keükün]
hüür : corpse [OM kür, Kyr kör grave, Per gur]
hüys : navel anat [OM küisün < küi, Kal kiisen, cp. Kyr kindik, OT *kin-]
hüyten : cold [OM küyitün < *kölitün < *köl-, Kal kiiten; see höldöh, höröh]
hüzüü : neck [OM küdiüghü]
hyadah : destroy [OM kidu- and kita-, Kal kudha, cp. Tur kiy- hash, cut apart, Kyr kiy-, OT *kiy]
hyalayh : squint [OM kiluyi-, Kal kuliiha, cp. Kyr kiysh- bend, OT *kish- < *kil]
hyalbar : easy [OM kilbar, Kal kilwer]
hyalgas : horsehair [OM kilgasun < *kil-, Kal kilghasen, cp. Tur kil hair, Kyr kil, OT *kil, Kor kalki mane]
hyamd : cheap [OM kimda, Kal kimde]
hyanah : supervise [OM kina-, Kal kinha]
hyar : ridge [OM kira, Kal kire, cp. Kyr kir, Tur kir country, wilderness, OT *kir]
hyaram : boiled milk with water [OM kiram and kimur, cp. Tur kimiz koumis, Kyr kimiz, OT *kimiz, Jap kamosu brew]
hyargah : shear [OM kirga- < *kir-, Kal kirvehe, cp. Tur kirk-, Kyr kirk-, OT *kir, Man giri-, Eve gir-, Jap kiru, Kor k'al knife]
hyaruu : hoarfrost [OM kiraghu, Kal kiruu, cp. Tur kiraghi, Kyr kiroo, OT *kiraghu]
hyaruul : pheasant zool [OM kirghul, cp. Kyr kirgool]
hyasaan : anger [OM kisagha, Kal kisaan, cp. Tur kisa short, Kyr kis- press, OT *kis]
hyarvas : burnt hair [OM kirbhusun, Kal kirvsen]
hyatad : Chi [OM kitad, pl. of *Kit, Kal kited]
hyazgaar : border [OM kidigar, cp. Tur kiyi shore, OT *kidigh]
I
icheh : be ashamed [OM itie- < *pitie-]
id : craft [OM ide, cp. Skt iddhi]
ih : big [OM *ike < *pike, Don fugie, cp. Tur eghit- bring up, OT *igid]
iher : twin [OM ikire, cp. Tur ikiz, OT *ikir, Man ikiri]
ilbe : trick, deceit [cp. OT *yilbi]
ilbees : bait [OM ilbeghüsün]
ilbeh : caress [OM ili-, cp. Man ile- lick]
ild : sword [OM ildü, SKor il-do moon-sword]
ilgeeh : send [OM ilege- < ile-, cp. Tur ilet- hand over, Eve ilbe- drive]
ilzhig : donkey zool [OM eldigen, cp. Tuv elchigen, Tur esek, Kyr eshek]
im : sign
ineeh : laugh [OM ineghe- < *pineghe-, Dag hinee-, cp. Eve inye-]
inge : female camel zool [OM inggen, cp. Kyr inggen, Man ingge]
inzhir : fig bot [cp. Tur incir, Kyr anzhir, Per anjir]
ir : ninety num [OM iren < *ir(s)ün-on; see yes]
ir : blade [OM ir < *pir, Dag hir, cp. Tur iz trace, OT *ir, Man irun edge]
ireg : whether zool [OM irge, cp. Kyr irik, Man irge]
ireh : come [cp. Tur er- reach, OT *er-]
irves : leopard zool [OM irbhis, cp. Kyr ilbhirs snow leopard and zholbhors tiger, OT *yolbars; see bars]
ish : grip, handle [OM esi < *pesi, Dag heshi, cp. Man fesin, Eve hesin]
ish : origin [OM esin < *pesin mother, Kal eshen origin, cp. Tur eski old, OT *eski, Jap heso navel]
ishig : kid zool [cp. Tur keci goat, Kyr echki, Tuv öchkü, OT *ecqe]
itelgü : gyrfalcon zool [cp. Kyr itelgi, Man itulhen]
itgeh : hope [OM itege-, cp. Tuv ideg]
L
laa : candle [Chi la]
laaz : box, can
lag : mud [cp. Jap nukaru smear]
lam : lama [Tib bla-ma, Chi lama]
lats : lacquer [Tib la-tza, Chi la]
lav : wax [OM labh, Tib la-ba, Chi la]
lembe : flute [Tib gling-bu]
lahgva : Wednesday [Tib lhag-pa Mercury]
linhua : lotus bot [Chi lian-hua]
liyr : pear bot [Chi li]
lonh : bottle [OM longqu, Chi]
lugshih : beat, knock [OM lugsi-]
luu : dragon [Tib klu]
luus : mule [Chi luoji]
luuvan : carrot bot [Tib la-p'ug, Chi luo-bo radish]
luuzhin : compass [Chi]
M
maalinga : flax bot [Chi ma]
maanag : dumb [OM meneg]
maazhin : varnish [Chi]
magad : certain [OM magad]
maglay : forehead anat [OM manglay and mangnay, cp. Kyr mangday, OT *manglay, Tur beyin brain, Kyr mee, OT *bengi; see eh]
magtah : praise [OM magta-, cp. Kyr makta-, OT *makh-]
mah : flesh [OM miqan, cp. Kyrghyz myqyn thigh]
mahbod : element [Skt mahabhuta]
mahir : bent [OM maki- bend]
mal : livestock [Tur mal, Kyr mal, Ara mal]
malgay : cap [OM malagay, Kal mahlaa, OT *malakay]
maltah : demolish [OM malta- bury]
manah : guard [OM mana-]
manarah : climb [OM manara-]
manay : our ppron [OM manay]
mandah : bloom [OM mandu-]
mandal : circle [Skt mandala]
manduulah : rise [OM mandala-]
manguu : stupid [OM mungqaghu < *mung-, Kal monghuu; see munah]
manzh : Man [OM mandi]
maral : doe zool [OM maral]
margaash : tomorrow [OM margasi]
margad : emerald [Gre smaragdos]
margah : dispute [OM marga- bet]
martah : forget [OM marta- < *umarta-]
marzah : grin [OM mardi-]
mash : very [OM masi, cp. Jap masu increase]
mashin : car [Russian mashina]
maslo : butter [Russian maslo]
matah : bend [OM masi, cp. Man mita-, Jap motoru contradict]
may : bonfire [cp. Jap maki firewood]
mayhan : tent [OM mayiqan, Chi]
mazaalay : bear zool
mech : monkey [OM meti; see bich]
medeh : know [cp. Man medige news, Eve mede- feel]
megzh : hog zool [OM megedin, cp. Man mehe sow]
meh : deceit [OM meke]
melhiy : frog zool [OM meleqei and meneqei < *melq-, cp. Man meihe snake; see mölhöh]
mendleh : greet [OM mendüle- < mendü healthy]
mergen : clever, wise [OM mergen sharpshooter, hunter, cp. Man mergen]
meriyh : make efforts [OM meriye-]
mes : weapon [OM mese sword]
met : as, like [OM metü, cp. Kyr bet face]
miniy : my ppron [cp. Kyr meniy]
minzh : beaver zool [OM mindi, cp. Jap mujina badger]
misheeh : smile [OM misiye-]
mod : tree [OM modun, cp. Man moo, Eve moo, Chi mu]
mogoy : snake zool [cp. Kit *mogho (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121)]
mohoo : blunt [OM moqay, cp. Kyr moko- be blunt]
molor : topase [OM molur < bolur crystal; see bolor]
mordoh : depart [OM morda- < *mor-; see mori]
mori : horse zool [OM morin < *mor-, Kal mörn, cp. Man morin, Eve murin, Kit *mori (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121), Kor mal, Chi ma, Jap u-ma, Kog *meru colt (Itabashi 2003, 146)]
moyl : sour cherry [OM moyil, cp. Kyr moyul, Man mojoro]
möch : extremity [OM möti]
möchir : branch [OM mötir]
möd : immediate
möhöh : perish [OM mökü broken, cp. Jap mukashi old times]
mölhöh : creep [OM mölqü- < *melq-, cp. Man micu-]
möltlöh : twist [OM möltüre-, cp. Jap mojiru]
mölzhih : exploit [OM möldi- gnaw]
mön : also [OM mön self, cp. Tur bu this, OT *bu, Eve men self, Jap mono thing]
möndöl : young marmot zool [OM möndele, cp. Eve munnukan hare, Jap momonga flying squirrel]
möndör : hail [OM möndür < *möl-dür, cp. Kyr möndür; see mös]
möngö : silver, money [OM mönggün, cp. Tuv mönggün, Man menggun, Eve mengun]
mönh : eternal [OM möngke < *mengkü, Chi wan-ku]
möög : mushroom [cp. Tuv möögü, Chi mogu]
möör : hoop [OM mögher]
mööröh : howl [OM möghüre- and *böghüre- and büngsi-, cp. Tur böghür-, Kyr möörö-, OT *böghür-, *böngür-]
mör : track [OM mör, cp. Jap michi road, Kor molda follow]
mör : river [OM mörön, cp. Kit *mörə (mu-li, Doerfer 1992, 48), Kog *mey river, water < *mer (Itabashi 2003, 146-47), Man muke water, Eve muu, Kor mul, Jap mizu]
mör : shoulder [OM möri and mörün, cp. Man meiren, Eve mire]
möröödöh : long for [OM mörüghed-]
mörs : cartilage [OM möghersün and böghersün, cp. Tur boynuz horn, Kyr müyüz, OT *müghüz]
mös : ice [OM mö(l)sün < *möl, cp. Tur buz, Kyr muz, OT *mur]
muhar : hornless [OM *muqur; see mohoo]
muhrih : roll [OM muqur- < *muq-, cp. Jap maku]
muna : mallet [cp. Eve monggi- knead, Jap momu rub, Kor manchida caress]
munah : be dazed [OM munu- be dumb < *mung-, cp. Tur bön stupid, dumb, OT *möng, Eve mongnon, Chi meng dazed]
mundah : be insufficient [cp. Jap mazui poor]
muruy : crooked [cp. Man murihan curve, Eve muru- round]
mushgih : twist [OM musigi-, Kal mushkuu twisted]
muu : bad [OM maghu]
muzh : region [cp. OT *budun nation, Kor modu all and madang courtyard, Jap machi street, Chi]
myagmar : Tuesday [Tib mig-dmar Mars]
myanga : thousand num [OM minggan, cp. Tur bin, Kyr ming, OT *müng, Man minggan]
N
naadah : play [OM naghad-]
naah : stick [OM nagh- < *naph-, cp. Tur yapis-, Man lifa- smear, Jap nebai sticky]
naash : this side [OM naghasi < nagha]
nachin : falcon zool [OM natin < *latin, cp. OT *lacin]
nad : me ppron [cp. Kor nal]
nagats : relative [cp. Tib snag]
nagvan : inkpot [Tib snag-bum]
nahiyh : bend [OM naki-]
nal : ruby [cp. Kyr laal, Tib nal, Per lal]
nam : low, quiet [OM nam]
nam : party
namag : swamp [OM namug < *nam-, cp. Eve laamu sea, Tib nem swamp, Jap nami wave and numa swamp, Kor nop'; see nuur]
namar : autumn [OM namur]
namtar : biography [cp. Tuv namtar, Tib rnam-thar]
nar : sun [OM naran, cp. Tur yaz summer, Kyr zhaz, OT *yaz < *nyar, Kit *nyär (nieh-la, nieh-i-erh) day (Doerfer 1992, 48; Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Kor yarüm < *nyar- summer, Chi chi sun (Mandarin ri, dial. yat) SJap nichi day, SKor nal]
nariyn : fine [OM narin]
nars : fir, pine bot [OM narasun]
nas : age [OM na(l)sun, cp. Tur yas, Kyr zhash, OT yash < *nyal, Jap nasu give birth]
navch : leaf [OM namti and nabhti < *nabh-, Kal napchi, cp. Tur yaprak, OT *yapurghak < *nyap-, Kor iph < *niph, Jap na vegetable]
navtar : low [cp. Eve nieptekun]
naya : eighty num [OM nayan < *nayiman-on; see naym]
naydah : hope [OM nayida- and nayila- be glad < nay friendliness]
naygah : swing [OM nayigu-, cp. OT *yayka-]
naym : eight num [OM nayiman]
naymaa : commerce
naymalzh : crab zool
nayr : feast [OM nayir; see nayrah]
nayrah : mingle [OM nayira- agree, cp. Tur yara fit, Kyr zhar beloved, OT *yara < *nyara-, Man nara- love]
nayz : friend [OM nayidi < nay friendliness]
neeh : open [OM neghe-, cp. Man nei-, Eve niw-, Kor yolda < *nil-]
neg : one num [OM nigen, Dag niken]
neheh : weave [OM neke-, cp. Jap nuki woof]
neheh : request [OM neke-, cp. Man lehe- claim, Jap negau ask]
neheh : chase [OM neke-, cp. Jap nigeru run]
nemeh : add [OM neme-, cp. Man neme-]
nemneh : cover [OM nemne-]
nen : very [OM neng]
ner : name [OM nere, cp. Kor irüm]
nereh : burn [OM nere-]
ners : blueberry bot [OM nersün]
netreh : deteriorate [OM netere-, cp. Tur yit- be lost, Tuv chid-, OT *yit, Man nitan weak]
nevt : through [OM nebhte and nemte, Kal nepte]
nimbeg : lemon bot [Skt nimbuka]
nimgen : thin [OM nimagun < *nom-, cp. Eve nemkuun; see nomhon]
niseh : fly [OM nise-]
niyt : together [OM niye-; see neg]
nogoo : grass bot [OM nogugha]
nogoon : green [OM nogughan, cp. Tuv nogaan, Man niohon greenish; see nogoo]
nogt : halter [OM nogtu, cp. Kyr nokto]
nohoy : dog zool [OM noqay, cp. Kit *nyoghe, *nyöghe (nieh-ho) (Doerfer 1992, 48) = *nokhi (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121)]
nom : book [cp. Tuv nom, Gre nomos law]
nomhon : quiet [OM nomuqan and nomughan < nom peacefulness, cp. Tur yumusak soft, Kyr zhumshak, OT *yum < *nyum, Eve nyemume, Jap yawai]
nooluur : down, plume [OM noghulur < *noghu- and *nugha-, Kal nöölr; see noos]
noos : hair [OM nughasun and nunngasun < *nugha- and nunnga, cp. Eve innga- wool, Man nunngari down, Tur yün wool, Kyr zhün, OT yüng < *nyüng]
noroh : get wet [OM nor-]
notsoh : attack, fight with [OM noti-]
noyon : master [Chi lao-ye old father]
noyr : sleep [OM noyir, Kal nöör, cp. Jap ne]
noyton : wet [OM noyitun < *noritun < nor-; see noroh]
nögöö : other [see neg]
nöhöh : compensate [OM nökü- repair]
nöhör : mate [OM nökür, cp. Man neku sister, Per noukar servant]
nölöö : influence [OM nölüghe heat and nüle flame, cp. Eve nul- kindle]
nömröh : cover [cp. Man nemerhen coat]
nööh : hide [OM nüghe-]
nudarga : fist [OM nidurga, cp. Tur yumruk, Kyr zhuduruk, OT yudruq < *nyudruq, Man nujan, Jap nigiru grasp]
nuga : meadow [OM nigu]
nugalah : bend [OM nigula- < nigu, cp. Man iku- fold; see nuga]
nugas : duck [OM nugusun, cp. Man niyehe, Eve niki]
nugas : spinal cartilage [OM nigu(r)sun, cp. Man ikursun]
nuhah : knead [OM nuqu- and niqu-, cp. Man niyohu- and nikca- destroy]
nulimdas : spittle [OM nilmudasun and nilbudasun, Kal nülmüdesn]
nulims : tear [OM nilmusun and nilbusun < *nil-, cp. Tur yas, Kyr zhash, OT *nyal, Eve inyamu-]
num : bow [OM numun, cp. Man nu]
nuntaglah : crush
nurah : fall [OM nura-, cp. Tib nur-ba abyss]
nurma : ember [OM nurma]
nuruu : ridge [OM nirughun back]
nus : snot [OM ni(ya)sun, cp. Man niyaki]
nutag : land [OM nutug and nitug]
nuuh : hide [OM nighu-]
nuur : lake [OM naghur < *namur < *nam-; see namag]
nüd : eye anat [OM nidün, cp. Kor nun]
nüh : hole [OM nüken, cp. Jap nuku pierce]
nütsgen : naked [OM nitigen]
nüüh : wander [OM neghü-, cp. Man neo-, Eve ngene- go]
nüür : face [OM nighur]
nüürs : coal [OM neghüresün, cp. Man nemu coal mine, Kor ne smoke]
nyadlah : slaughter [OM nitula-]
nyagt : dense [OM nigta, cp. OT *yigi, Eve luku]
nyalganah : be sticky [OM nilgana- < nila-, cp. Tur ilik bone marrow, Man lala gruel, Jap nori paste, starch]
nyalh : firstborn [OM nilqa tender, cp. Eve nelki spring, Jap naru bear fruit]
nyam : Sunday [Tib nyima sun]
nyaray : firstborn [OM niray tender, cp. Man niyarhun fresh]
O
och : spark [OM oti < *poti, cp. Tur ot fire and ocak hearth, Kyr ot fire and ochok hearth, Eve hoosin lightning, Kor pül fire, Jap ho, OJ po]
ochih : go there [cp. Kyr öt- pass, Jap utsuru move]
od : star [OM odun < *podun, Dag hod, Mgr foodi, cp. Eve osikta, Kor pyool, Jap hoshi, OJ posi]
odoh : depart [OM odu-]
odon : order
odoo : now [OM odua and edüghe < *e-; see en]
ogotno : mouse zool [OM ogutana]
ogshih : rise
ogt : completely [OM ogutu]
ogtloh : cut off [OM ogtal- and ogtir-]
ogtorguy : heaven [OM ogtarguy]
ohin : girl [OM okin, cp. Man uki female and uhen daughter-in-law]
ohor : short [OM oqur < *poqur, cp. Man foholon]
olbog : carpet [OM olbug cushion < *ol-, cp. Tur esik threshold, Kyr eshik door, Tuv ezhik, OT *eshik < *el-]
olgoy : intestine [OM olugay]
oloh : find [OM ol-]
olom : ford [OM olum]
olon : much [OM olan < *polan]
ols : hemp; cord [OM olusun, cp. Man olo]
olz : fund [OM oldi < *ol-; see oloh]
on : year [OM on < *pon, Dag hon, cp. Man fon time, Kor pom springtime, Jap haru, OJ paru, Kit *p'o time (as in hsia-li-p'o invitation-time, Doerfer 1992, 48; Chinggeltei 2002, 107)]
ondoo : strange [OM ondu other, cp. Tur o he, Tuv ol, Man uba this, Eve hungtu- other]
ongots : vessel [OM ongguti < *ongg-; see ongoyh]
ongoyh : open [OM onggayi- < ongga hole < *ongg- hollowed out, cp. Man unggin hole]
onis : lock, mechanism [OM onisun]
onisgo : riddle [OM onisqa]
onogdoh : divide
onoh : hit [OM onu- and no-, cp. Kyr ong right]
onol : theory
onoo : wrestler
onts : special [OM ongti]
oo : powder [OM ogha < *opha, cp. Kyr upa, Man ufa flour]
ooch : gulp [OM oghuti]
oono : antelope zool [OM *oghuna, cp. Man onon]
oosor : cord [OM oghusur]
or : trace [OM oram < *poram, cp. OT *oruq]
or : bed [OM orun, cp. Tuv orun, OT *orun; see oron]
orchih : turn, roll [OM orti- < *por-, Don horo-, Mgr furoo-, cp. Man foro-, Eve horol-]
orchuulah : translate [OM ortighul- < orti-, cp. Tuv ochul-; see orchih]
ord : army camp [cp. Tur ordu army; see aral]
ordon : palace
orgil : top [OM orgil < *por; see oroy]
orgoh : flee [OM orgu- < *oru-]
orhih : throw [OM orki-]
orloh : replace [OM orula- < orun; see oron]
oroh : enter [OM oru-]
oroldoh : try
oroltsoh : participate
oron : place [OM orun < *porun, cp. Kyr orun]
oros : Russian [OM orus, cp. Kyr orus, OT *orus, Man oros, Rus Rus]
oroy : top [OM oray < *por, cp. Man foron]
oroy : late, evening [OM oray dusk]
orshih : be [OM orusi- < oru-; see oroh]
osgor : crack [OM osqur, cp. Man wasiha and oshoho claw, Eve osikta]
osol : failure [OM osal defective, cp. Kyr osol]
otgon : junior [OM odqan < *otgan < *ot; see och]
otor : pasture [OM otar hunting ground]
ovog : name
ovoo : heap [OM obhugha]
ovor : look [OM obhur, cp. Tuv ovur illustration]
oy : talent [OM oy intellect, cp. Tur oy opinion, Kyr oylo- think]
oy : forest [OM oy < *poy, Don hoy, cp. Kyr oy valley]
oy : anniversary [OM oy year, cp. Kit ai (Chinggeltei 2002, 107)]
oylgoh : understand [OM oyul- < oy; see oy]
oyms : stocking [OM oyimasun < *poyma, cp. Man fomotsi, from Tib]
oyoh : bind, sew [see uyah]
oyr : near [OM oyir]
oyuun : intellect [OM oyun < oy; see oy]
Ö
öchigdör : yesterday [OM ötigedür; see ötsögdör]
öchüühen : a bit, small, few [OM *ötighüken and utighan and *(ü)tiyöghen; see tsöön]
öd : feather [OM ödün, Don hodun, Mgr foodi]
ödiy : not yet [OM edüy]
ödöh : urge [OM edü-]
ödör : day [OM edür]
öglöö : morning [OM öglüghe]
ögöh : give [OM ög-]
ögsöh : climb [OM ög-, cp. Tur yüksek high]
ögzög : buttock [OM ögezeg < *pögezeg]
öh : give [OM ög-; see ögöh]
ölgöh : hang [OM ölgü- and elgü-, cp. Kyr il-, OT *il]
ölhöh : smoothen [OM *ölke- and öghele-]
ölön : hungry [OM ölün < *öl-, cp. Tur öl- die, Kyr öl-, OT *öl]
ömch : property [OM önti and ömti < öbh, cp. Kyr önchü; see öv]
ömd : trousers [OM emüdün < *emü-; see ömsöh]
ömnö : front [OM emüne and ebhüne < *ebhü-, cp. Man emu one, Eve umun; see övör]
ömröh : get loose [OM emüri- pull out]
ömsöh : dress [OM emüs- < *emü-]
ön : abundance [OM öng, cp. Jap ogoru live in luxury, or < *pöng, cp. SKor p'ung]
önchin : orphan [OM önütin]
öndög : egg [OM öndegen < *pön-; see önör]
öndör : high [OM öndür < *pön-, Dag hundur; see önör]
öngö : complexion [OM öngge, cp. Tur ön, Kyr öng, OT *öng, Jap omote face]
öngöröh : pass [OM önggere-]
önö : far [OM öni]
önöö : this [OM enöghe < *en-; see en]
önöödör : today [OM enöghe edür; see önöö, ödör]
önör : fertile [OM önür <*pön-, cp. OT *ön- grow]
öntsög : corner [OM öntig, cp. Eve onggan]
önzhih : stay [OM öndi-]
önzhih : be fertile [OM öndi- < *pön-; see önör]
ööd : upwards [OM öghöde < öghö < ög-, cp. Kyr öydö, Man wesihun, Eve ugi; see ögsöh]
ööh : fat [OM öghökün < *pöghekün, Don fugun]
öölöh : smoothen, plane [OM öghöle-, cp. Man folo- carve]
öör : other [OM ögheri]
öösh : net [OM *eghösi and üghesi, cp. Man veshen]
ör : debt [OM örin]
ör : sympathy [OM örü inside, cp. Tur öz essence, Kyr öz, OT *öz < *ör, Eve ur belly]
örgöh : raise [OM örgü- < *pör-, cp. Tuv örü up, OT *ör, and Tur hörgüc hump, OT *örkü]
örgöl : sacrifice [OM ergül, cp. Tuv örgül, Tur alkis applause, Kyr alkoo blessing, OT *alka]
örgön : wide [OM örgen]
örgöö : palace [OM ergüghe < örgü-; see örgöh]
örh : door [OM örke smoke-hole, cp. Man uce door, Eve urke]
örnö : west [cp. Tur ördek duck]
örnüüleh : expand, develop
öröh : arrange [OM öre-]
öröm : skin, cream [OM örüme < *örü top, cp. Man oromu cream]
öröm : drill [OM erüm]
öröö : room [OM erüghe, cp. Tuv öreel]
örööl : half [OM erüghel]
örövtöh : file [OM erübhte- and *erümte-, Kal öröptihe; see öröm]
örtög : value [cp. Tuv örtek]
örtöö : post station [OM örteghe < *pört-, cp. Tur ört- cover, OT *ört]
ös : revenge [OM ös, cp. Tur öc, Kyr öch, Man usa- be sad, Jap osoru fear, or < *pös, cp. Man fuce- be an enemy]
ösgiy : heel [OM öskey and *öksey, cp. Tur ökce]
ösöh : grow [OM ösü- < *pösü-, cp. Kyr ös-, OT *ös-, Man fuse-]
öt : maggot [OM ötün]
ötlöh : be old [OM ötel- < *öte-, cp. Eve uteleptü old, Jap otoroeru wane]
ötög : bear zool [OM ötegü < *öte- old man; see ötlöh]
ötög : dung [OM ötüg]
ötsögdör : yesterday [OM ötigedür; see öchigdör]
öv : heritage [ÖM öbh, Chi]
övchin : illness [OM ebhetin < *ebhedin < *ebhed-; see övdöh]
övdög : knee [OM ebhüdüg < *ebh-; see evheh]
övdöh : ache, be ill [OM ebhed-; see övchin]
övgön : old man [OM ebhügen < *ebh-; see evheh and bergen]
övög : grandfather [OM ebhüge < *ebh-, cp. Kit *ebüge (i-pu-ko) old man (Doerfer 1992, 47); see evheh]
övöl : winter [OM ebhül, cp. Kit *u'ul (Doerfer 1992, 49; Chinggeltei 2002, 107)]
övöölzh : hoopoe [OM *ebhö(ghe)ldin or *ebhög < *pöbh(ögh)]
övör : front, breast; south [OM *ebhür < *pebh- front, cp. Eve evte lung and evtüle rib]
övs : grass, hay [OM ebhesün, cp. Man afa stalk]
P
piu : ticket [Chi piao]
puuzhin : rocket [Chi]
pürev : Thursday [Tib phurbu Jupiter]
pyanz : record [Chi pian-ji tablet]
R
ruu : direction
S
saad : obstacle [OM saghad < sagha-]
saah : milk [OM sagha-, cp. Tur sagh-, Kyr saa-, OT *sagh-]
saahalt : neighbor [OM saghaqalta]
sags : basket [OM sagsu]
sahal : beard [OM saqal, cp. Tur sakal, Kyr sakal, OT *sakal]
sahih : protect [OM saki-, cp. Tur sakla- hide, Kyr sakta- protect, OT *saq-]
sal : raft [cp. Tur sal]
salah : separate [OM salu-]
salay : sperm anat [see salah]
salhi : wind [OM salkin, cp. Kyr salkin cool]
sam : ridge [Per sam]
sambaa : cleverness [OM sambagha, cp. Jap shibaraku for a short time, Tib]
sambar : board [OM sambara]
samnah : comb [OM samna-]
sampin : abacus [Chi suan-pan]
san : treasury [OM sang, Chi]
sanah : remember [cp. Tur san- consider, Kyr sana-, Man sa- know, Eve saa-, Chi suan reckon]
sandal : chair [cp. Tuv sanday, Tur sandalye, Per sandali]
sansar : space [Skt samsara]
sanzhih : hang down [OM sandi-]
sar : moon [cp. Kit *sär(ə) (sai-i-erh) (Doerfer 1992, 48; Chinggeltei 2002, 107)]
saraalzh : lattice [OM saraghaldi, cp. Kor sal, Man sherin visor]
saravch : roof, screen [OM sarabhti, Kal sarapchi; see sar]
sarimsag : garlic bot [cp. Tur sarmisak, OT *sarimsak]
sarlag : yak zool [OM sarlug, cp. Tuv sarlik, OT *sarlik]
sarnay : rose bot
sav : vessel [OM sabha]
savan : soap [OM sabhun, cp. Tur sabun, Ara sabun, French savon, Italian sapone]
savar : claw [OM sabhur]
savh : chopstick [OM sabhqa, cp. Man sabqa]
savhi : leather [cp. Tur sahtiyan]
saya : million [Tib sa-ya]
saya : recently [OM saya < *say new, cp. Kor sae]
sayd : minister
sayn : good [cp. Tur sagh right, Man sain good, Kit *she (Doerfer 1992, 48)]
sedeh : think out [OM sedü-]
sedreh : inflame
seer : backbone anat [OM segher, cp. OT *sengir ridge, Man seire backbone]
seg : cadaver
segs : basket [Chi]
segsreh : shake [OM segseri-]
sehee : intellect [OM sekeghe]
seleh : change [OM selü-]
selem : sword [OM seleme, cp. Man sele iron, Eve sele]
selüür : oar [OM selighür < selbighür, cp. Jap saji spoon]
sem : secret [OM sem still]
semreh : detach [OM semer-]
senzh : handle [OM sendi, Chi]
seree : fork [OM sereghe]
sereh : wake [OM sere-, cp. Tur sez- feel, Kyr sez-, OT *ser-, Man sere-, Jap shiru know]
serh : buck zool [OM serke]
serüühen : cool [OM serighün, cp. Tur serin]
servee : crest, fin [OM serbheghe < *sir-, cp. Tur sirt back, OT *sir-; see shirheg]
setgel : core, soul
setgüül : magazine
sev : defect [OM sebh]
sevh : freckle [OM sebheki < sebh, cp. Kyr sepkil, OT *sebkil; see sev]
sezhüür : rim
shaa : net, veil [Chi]
shaah : drive in, beat in [OM sigha-, cp. Tur sigh- get into, OT *sigh-]
shaantag : wedge [OM sighanchag, cp. OT *sighis]
shaar : used tea-leaves [OM sighar remains]
shaardah : further
shaazan : china [OM sighadiyung, Chi]
shaazgay : magpie [OM si(gha)digay]
shagay : knuckle anat [OM sigay, cp. Kyr söök bone, OT *sünge, Jap sune shin]
shaglaah : prove
shagnah : award
shahah : press [OM siqa-, cp. Tur sik-]
shal : floor [OM sila, Tib]
shaldan : naked [OM sildang, cp. Kyr zhilangach from zhilang snake, Tur yilan snake, Tuv chilan (OT *yilang), Tuv chanagash naked (OT *yalang)]
shaltag : cause, pretext [OM siltag]
shamdah : be diligent [OM simda- hurry]
shamlah : roll up [OM simala- or simara-]
shanaa : cheekbone anat [OM sinagha temple, cp. Tur yanak cheek, Kyr zhaak jaw, Man shan ear, Eve sien]
shanaga : ladle [OM sinaga]
shanalah : suffer [OM sinala-, cp. Eve singni- be sorry, Man singgira- do wrong, Jap shinogu endure]
shandastay : continuously
shanz : a musical instrument
shar : yellow [OM sira, cp. Tur sari, Kyr sari, Man shara- whiten, Tib ser yellow]
sharah : fry [OM sira-]
sharh : wound [OM sirqa, cp. Jap soru shave]
shashin : religion [Skt shasana prescription]
shat : step [OM situ stair, cp. Kyr shati, OT *shati, Kor satari ladder]
shatah : burn [OM sita-]
shatar : chess [cp. Tur satranc, Per shatrang, Skt caturanga]
shavar : clay [OM sibhar]
shavi : pupil [Tib]
shees : urine [cp. Tur sidik, Man sike urine, site- urinate]
shideh : throw
shig : as
shigdeh : get stuck [OM siged- < sig stuck]
shil : glass [OM silen, cp. Tuv shil, Tib shel, Tur sis- blow up, OT *shish-]
shil : ridge; nape [OM sili, cp. Tabgach *shilu (shih-lou) high (Doerfer 1992, 46)]
shilbe : buttonhole [OM silbi]
shilbe : shin, calf [OM silbi]
shileh : choose [OM sili-, cp. Tur sina-, Eve sinma-]
shilgeeh : shake [OM silge-, cp. Tur silk-, Kyr silk-, Eve silgin-]
shilüüs : lynx zool [OM sileghüsün, cp. Kyr sülöösün, Man silun]
shilzhih : move, pass over [OM sildi-]
shim : sap [OM sime, cp. Man simen]
shine : new [OM sine, cp. Chi hsin, Kit *shen (Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Kog *su (Itabashi 2003, 151), Pae *sa (Li 1977, 41)]
shingeh : ooze in [OM singge-, cp. Tur sin- penetrate, Kyr sing- be absorbed, OT *sing-, Eve sungta deep, Jap shizumu sink]
shingen : liquid [OM singgen, Tib sing]
shinzh : omen [OM sindi mark, cp. OT *sin figure, Chi]
shinzhleh : examine, research [OM sindile- < sindi; see shinzh]
shir : hide, leather [OM siri]
shiree : table [OM sireghen]
shirh : louse zool [OM sirke, cp. Tur sirke nit, Kyr sirke]
shirheg : thread; piece [OM sirkeg < *sir-, cp. Man sirge; see servee]
shirteh : stare [OM sirte-]
shirüün : rough [OM sirüghü, Kal shürüün]
shiver : sweat [OM sibheri]
shiver : drizzle [OM sibhe- ooze < *sir-bh-]
shivneh : whisper [OM sibh-, cp. Kyr shibhir-, Tuv simir-]
shivshig : shame [OM sibhsi- slander, cp. Jap shiiru]
shiydeh : determine [OM sighid-]
shiyr : leg [OM sighire]
shog : joke [cp. Per shuh joker]
shohoy : lime, chalk [Chi shi-hui]
shoo : cube [OM sighu]
shoodvorloh : be unable
shor : skewer [OM siru]
shorgoolzh : ant zool [OM sirguldin]
shoroo : dust, soil [OM sirugha, cp. Eve sirugi sand, Kog *sork dust (Itabashi 2003, 151)]
shosh : bean bot [OM sisi]
shöl : broth, soup [OM silün, cp. Man sile, Eve sile]
shönö : night [OM söni <* sön-, Kal söö, cp. Kit sunj (Chinggeltai 2002, 107); see sönöh]
shörmös : sinew anat [OM sirmüsün and sirbhüsün]
shövög : awl [OM sibhüge < sibhe- brand, cp. Kyr shibhege, Tur sivri pointed, OT *süvri, Man sifi- sting]
shudgara : honest [OM sidur- smoothen, Kal shudrega honest, shudreha shave off, Tur siyir- peel, skin, OT *sidir, cp. Man shudu-]
shugam : line [OM sigam]
shuguy : thicket [OM siguy, cp. Jap shigemi]
shulah : separate [OM silu-]
shuluun : straight [OM silaghun]
shumuul : mosquito zool [OM simaghul and simaghusun]
shunah : be avid [OM sinu-]
shungah : dive [see shingeh]
shuud : straight, direct [OM sighud]
shuudan : mail, post
shuuday : sack [cp. Tuv shooday, Chi shou-dai hand-sack]
shuuduu : ditch [Chi shui water]
shuugih : be noisy [OM sigi-, cp. Eve chivin noise, Jap sakebu cry]
shuurga : storm [OM sighurgan, cp. Tuv shuurgan, Jap shigure drizzle]
shuvuu : bird [OM sibhaghun]
shüd : tooth [OM sidün]
shüdlen : two-year old zool [OM sidüleng]
shüleg : poem [Skt sloka]
shüls : saliva [OM silüsün and silükey, Kal shülkee, cp. Kyr shilekey, OT *sülekei]
shült : lye [OM silta]
shür : coral [OM sirü bead]
shüü : salpeter [Chi hsiao]
shüügch : judge
shüür : broom [OM *sighür and *sebhighür < sighü-; see shüüreh]
shüür : filter [OM sighür, cp. Tur süz, Kyr süz-, OT *süz < *sür]
shüüreh : grab [OM sighüre- < sighü- < *siph-, Kal sevüür, cp. Tur süpür- sweep, Kyr shipir-, OT *süp, Man sibki- examine]
shüüs : juice [OM sighüsün, cp. Eve chuukse, Man shusu food, Chi chi juice]
siyleh : cut, engrave [OM seyil-]
sogoo : hind zool [OM sogu]
sohor : blind [OM soqur, cp. Kyr sokur]
solgoy : left [cp. Tur sol, Kyr sol and sologoy left-handed]
solih : exchange [OM soli-]
solongo : rainbow [OM solungga]
solongo : skunk, weasel zool [OM solungga, cp. Man solohi marten, Eve sulaki fox]
solongos : Kor [OM solungga, cp. Man solho]
songino : onion [OM songgina, cp. Tur soghan, Tuv soguna, Man senggule garlic, Chi tsung onion]
songoh : choose [OM songgu-]
sonin : news; interesting [OM sonin < *son-, cp. Tuv solun newspaper, Man soningga new; see sonor]
sono : gadfly zool [OM sona]
sonor : hearing; news [OM sonur < *son-]
sonsoh : hear [OM sonu- < *son-; see sonor]
sorgog : sensitive
soril : experiment
sormos : eyelash [OM sormusun and sormusug, cp. Man solmin, Eve sarimikta]
soroh : suck [OM soru-, cp. Tur soru-, Kyr sor-]
soronzon : magnet [cp. Kal shornzo]
soyh : feed horse [OM soyi- tie up horse to cool down, Kal sööhe, cp. Tur soghuk cold, Kyr suuk, Tuv sook, OT *soghi-, Kor soida cool down]
soyol : culture [OM soyil training < soyi-, Kal sööl; see soyh]
soyombo : emblem
soyoo : fang; bud [OM soyugha, Kal soyaa and süye]
sögdöh : kneel [OM sögüd- and sökür- bend the knees, cp. OT *sökür-]
söl : grass [OM söl sap]
sönöh : be ended [OM sönü- <* sön-, cp. Tur sön- be extinguished, OT *sön-, Eve si-]
söög : bush [OM sögheg]
sööngö : hoarse [OM söghenggi < sögheng]
sös : bile anat [OM sö(l)sün, cp. Man silhi, Eve sii, Kor ssün bitter]
sudag : ravine [OM sudaga]
sudas : vein anat [OM suda(l)sun, cp. Jap suji sinew]
sudlah : research
suga : armpit anat [OM sugu, Kal suu and süü]
sul : weak; free, loose [OM sula, cp. Man sula]
sum : arrow [OM sumun]
sunah : extend [cp. Tur sun- hand over, Kyr sun- extend, OT *sun-]
sundlah : ride in pair [OM sundala- < *sung-, cp. Tur son after, OT *song]
sur : thong [cp. OT *sirim]
surah : study [cp. Tur sor- ask, Kyr sura-, OT *sur-]
surgaag : pole [OM surgaghag and sirug, cp. Tur sirik, OT *siruk, Man shuruqu]
suuh : sit [OM saghu-]
suulga : bucket [OM *sabhulga < *sabha; see sav]
suusar : marten zool [OM sausar or subhsar, cp. Tur sansar, Kyr suusar, Per susmar]
suvag : canal
suvd : pearl [OM subhud and subhusun]
süh : axe [OM süke, cp. Man suhe, Eve suke, Jap suki plough]
sülbeer : pin [OM sülbe- prick, cp. Jap surudoi pointed]
süld : symbol [OM sülde banner]
süm : temple [OM süme, cp. Eve saman shaman, Jap sumeragi emperor]
sünderleh : rise
süns : soul [OM sünesün]
sür : majesty [OM sür]
sürdeh : fear [OM sürdü-]
süreg : herd [cp. Tur sürü]
sürel : straw [OM süghüril]
süü : milk [cp. Tur süt, Kyr süt]
süüder : shade [OM seghüder, cp. Man sebderi shadowy]
süül : tail zool [OM seghül]
süürs : sigh [OM seghüresü]
süv : hole [OM sübhe]
T
ta : you ppron [see chi]
taah : guess [OM tagha- < *tapha-, cp. Kyr tap- find, OT *tap-]
taarah : pass, match [OM taghara-]
taglah : close [OM tagla-]
tagt : balcony [Tur taht throne, Per takht]
tah : wild horse zool [OM taki, cp. Tur teke buck, Man takintu and tahi wild horse]
tah : horseshoe [OM taqa, cp. Kyr taka, Tib]
tahia : hen [OM takiya, cp. Tur tavuk, Kyr took, Man coqo chicken, Kit *t'axia (Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Kor tak, Jap tori bird]
tahih : sacrifice [OM taki-]
tahiyh : bend [OM taki-, cp. Man takiya knee]
tal : steppe, plain [OM tala, cp. Kyr talaa, Skt tala]
tal : side; half [OM tala]
talh : bread [OM talqan wheat flour, cf. Kyr talkan oatmeal, OT *talkan]
talst : crystal
taltsah : divide
tam : hell [OM tamu, cp. Skt tamas darkness]
tamga : seal [OM tamuga, cp. Tur damga, Kyr tamga, Tib tham-ga]
tamhi : tobacco [OM tamaki, cp. Kyr tameki, Eve damga, Per tanbaku, Tib tha-mag]
tamir : strength [OM tamir, cp. Tur damar sinew, vein, Kyr tamir root, vein, OT *tamir]
tamshaah : smack [OM tamsiya-, cp. Man tamisha-, Jap tamesu try]
tana : nacre [OM tana, cp. Man tana]
tanhim : hall
tanih : know [cp. Tur tani- know, recognize, Kyr taani-, Eve taag- get to know]
taraah : distribute
tarah : end
targan : thick, fat [OM targun, cp. Man tarhun]
tarhah : scatter [OM tarqa-]
tarhi : brain [OM taraki]
tarih : sow [cp. Kyr tara- be dispersed, OT *tara-, and Tur dari millet, Kyr taruu, OT *tari-, Man tari- till]
tarlah : train horses
tarvaga : marmot zool [OM tarbhagan, cp. Man tarbahi and tarqan beaver]
tas : completely [OM tasu, cp. Jap tashika certainly]
tas : vulture zool [OM tasu, cp. OT *tas, Man tasahari black eagle]
tasag : section [OM tasug piece]
tashaa : side, hip [OM tasigha]
taslah : pull off, tear down [OM tasul-]
tasrah : break off, burst [OM tasura-]
tatah : pull [cp. Tur tart- weigh, Kyr tart- pull, OT *tart-]
tav : five num [OM tabhun, Man tofohon fifteen, Eve tunnga five, Kit *ta… (t'ao), Kog *uti (Itabashi 2003, 154)]
tavag : dish [OM tabhag, cp. Tur tabak, Kyr tabhak, OT *tabaq]
tavi : fifty num [OM tabhin < *tabhun-on; see tav]
tavih : put [OM tabhi-, cp. Man te-, Eve tev-, Kor tuda]
tavtsan : tribune [OM tabhting throne, Kal taptseng divan]
taylah : pull out [OM tayila- < tayi-]
tayvan : peaceful, quiet [cp. Tuv taybin, Chi tai-ping peace]
tedgeer : that [OM tede]
teeh : load [OM teghe-; see tavih]
tegeh : make so [see ter]
tegsh : flat, even [OM tegsi < teg straight, cp. Kyr tegiz, Tuv deski, Man teksi]
teleh : spread [OM tele-, cp. Tur tel wire, Jap tsuru string]
temdeg : sign [cp. Tuv demdek]
temee : camel zool [OM temeghe and *tebheghe < *tebhe-, cp. Tur deve, Kyr töö, OT *tebhe, Man temen, Eve temegen, Chi tuo]
temtseh : make efforts, fight for [OM temüti- < *temü-, cp. Man temshe-]
temüüleh : make efforts [OM temüghüle- < *temü-]
tend : there [OM tende, cp. Eve taaduu]
tenger : heaven [cp. Tabgach *tenggirin (ch'i-lien), Sien-Pi tenkirin, Hsiung-Nu chengli (Doerfer 1992, 46), Chi tien]
tengis : sea [OM tenggis, cp. Tur deniz, Kyr dengiz, OT *tengiz]
tenhreh : strengthen
tentseh : be alike, correspond [OM tengti- < teng balance, cp. Tur denge, Kyr teng equal, OT *teng]
tenüüleh : wander [OM teneghüle-]
ter : that [cp. Man tere, Eve tar]
tereg : cart [OM tergen]
tergüün : head, tip [OM terigün ; see terüü]
teseh : tolerate [OM tesü-, cp. Man tesu- suffice]
tetgeh : support [OM tedkü- < *ted-]
tevsh : trough [OM tebhsi, cp. Tur tepsi, Kyr tepshi, Chi]
tezheeh : feed [OM tediye- < *ted-, cp. Eve tedeev- convey, Jap tsutaeru; see tetgeh]
tig : zero [Tib thig]
tiv : continent [Skt dvipa island]
tiym : such
tod : clear [OM toda, cp. Man tondo straight, Eve tongno, Jap tadashii rightful, accurate]
todroh : appear [OM todara-]
togloh : play [OM togli-]
togmol : regular
togoo : pot, kettle [OM togugha]
togoruu : crane zool [OM togurighun, Tur turna, Kyr turuna, Eve tokorov, Jap tsuru, Kor turumi]
togos : peacock zool [OM togus, cp. Tur tavus, Kyr toos, Gre taos]
togtoh : determine [OM togta-]
tohioldoh : happen
tohiroh : correspond, agree
tohoh : saddle [OM toqu-, cp. Kyr tokum saddlecloth, Tur tüy hair, Tuv dük, OT *tük]
tohoy : bend [OM tuqay, cp. Kyr tokoy forest]
tohuu : joy
tolgoy : head [OM tolugay]
toli : mirror [OM toli smooth]
tom : big
tomiloh : appoint [OM tomila-, cp. Jap tsumori intention]
tomoh : spin [OM tomi-, cp. Man tonggo-, Eve tomko yarn, Jap tsumu spindle and tsumugu spin]
ton : quite [OM tong; see changa]
tongoyh : bend [OM tongguyi-, cp. Man tunggi bow]
tonog : equipment [OM tonug < *ton, cp. Tur don underwear, Kyr ton sheepskin coat, OT *ton]
tonoh : plunder [OM tonu-, cp. Kyr tonoo robbery]
too : number [OM togha, cp. Man ton, Eve tang-, Tib tho]
toodog : bustard zool [OM toghadag, cp. Kyr toodok, Man todo]
tooh : care [OM togha-, cp. Man tuwa- look]
toor : peach bot
toos : dust, earth [OM toghusun and toghurag < *toghu- < *tophu-, cp. Kit *ta…wəs (t'ao-wei-su), Sien-Pi taghutin (Doerfer 1992, 49), Tur toz and toprak, Kyr topurak, Tuv dovurak earth, OT *top(r)a, Eve tukala]
toosgo : brick [OM toghusga and toghusqa < *toghu-; see toos]
tor : net [cp. Kyr tor, OT *tor]
torgo : silk fabric [cp. Tuv torgu, Eve torga]
torh : barrel [OM torqu, cp. Jap tarai tub]
tos : fat, oil [OM tosun]
toti : parrot zool [cp. Kyr totu, Per toti]
tovch : button [OM tobhti, Kal topchi, cp. Kyr topchu, Tib]
toyg : kneecap anat [OM toying < *toghing < *toph-, cp. Tur topuk heel, ankle, OT *topik, Man tobgiya knee]
toyroh : go round [OM toghari-, cp. Man torho-, torgi-]
tödölgüy : hardly [OM tedüy so much]
tögrög : coin [OM tögörüg circle, cp. Tuv tögerik round, Kyr tegerek circle]
tögs : complete [OM tegüs]
töhööröh : equip [OM tokiyara-, Kal tökeerhe]
töl : offspring zool [OM töl, cp. OT *töl]
tölög : lamb zool [OM tölgen, see töl]
tölöh : pay [OM töle- compensate, cp. Tuv töle- pay]
tölöö : for [OM töleghe compensation < töle-; see tölöh]
tölöv : form [OM tölübh, cp. Man tulgi- exterior, Eve tuligu]
töms : potato bot [OM tömüsün]
tömür : iron [cp. Tur demir, Kyr temir, OT *tömür, Kot t'ip, Chi tiet (Mandarin tie), Kor tach anchor]
töö : span [OM teghü, cp. Man to]
tör : state [OM törü law, cp. Tur töre rule, Kyr törö master, OT *törü]
töröl : sort, kind [OM törel kin]
töröh : bear [OM töre-, cp. Kyr töröl- be born, OT *tör-]
tösöh : plan [OM tösü-]
töv : center [OM töbh]
tövd : Tib [OM tübhed]
tövögtey : difficult
tsaad : that [OM tinadu, cp. Man casi and cala]
tsaas : paper [OM tiyagha(l)sun < *tiyagha- reed; see tsagaan]
tsadah : be sated [OM tiyad-]
tsag : time [cp. Tur cagh]
tsagaan : white [OM tiyaghan < *tiyagha-, cp. Man calfa birch, Eve chalban]
tsahih : strike fire [OM tiyaki-, cp. Tur cakmak lighter, Kyr chakmak flint, OT *cak-, Man takiyan lightning, Jap taku burn, Kor thada]
tsahilgaan : electricity [OM tiyakilgan lightning < tiyaki- strike fire]
tsalin : wage [Chi chaliang]
tsamhag : tower [OM tiyamqag, cp. Man camhan triumphal arc]
tsamts : shirt [cp. Man samsu hemp fabric, cimci skirt, Kor sap hemp]
tsan : bell [OM tiyang, cp. Tur can, Per chang]
tsan : hoar [OM tiyang < *tiyagh-; see tsagaan]
tsana : ski [OM tiana sled, cp. Kyr chana]
tsaray : face
tsardas : crust [OM tiyardasun < tiyar]
tsaril : crowbar [OM tiril and tilir < tili blade, cp. Jap tsurugi sword]
tsartsaa : locust zool [OM tirtigha and sartigha, cp. OT *sarisqa]
tsas : snow [OM tiyasun < *tiyagha-sun; see tsagaan]
tsavuu : glue [OM tiyabhaghu and tiyabag < *tiyaphagh, cp. Tur capak gum, OT *capak]
tsay : tea [Chi cha]
tsayh : be white [OM tiyayi- < *tiyagh-; see tsagaan]
tsayr : zinc [OM tiyayir < *tiyagh-; see tsagaan]
tseezh : breast anat [OM tighedin, cp. Man tunggen]
tselmeg : clear [OM tilme- and tilger]
tsengel : joy [OM tinggel]
tsereg : army [cp. Tur ceri, Tuv sherig]
tsetseg : flower [cp. Tur cicek, Tuv chechek]
tsetsen : wise [OM titen and sisen, cp. Tur sec- choose]
tsever : clean [OM tibher]
tsevrüü : boil, ulcer [OM tibherüghen]
tsochih : scare [OM tiyoti- or soti-]
tsog : ember; glory [OM tiyog]
tsohih : hit [OM tiyoki-, cp. Kyr sok- and chokmor cudgel, OT *soq- and *coq-]
tsol : title [OM tiyola]
tsolmon : Venus [OM tiyolbun, cp. Kyr cholpon, Tur culpan]
tsonh : window [cp. Tuv songgo, Chi chuong-kou]
tsoo : quite, through [OM tiyoghu]
tsoohor : variegated [OM tiyoqur < *tiyoghur < *tiyobhur < tiyobh wart, cp. Tur copur pockmarked, Jap sobakasu freckles]
tsoorah : be perforated [OM tiyoghura- < tiyoghu; see tsoo]
tsöhöh : despair [OM tiyökü-, cp. Tur cök- fall down, Kyr chök- sink, OT *cök-]
tsöl : desert [OM tiyöl, cp. Kyr chöl, OT *cöl]
tsöm : all [OM tiyöm]
tsöön : few [OM tiyöghen]
tsöövör : jackal zool [OM tiyöghebhör < *tiyöghe böri, cp. Kyr börü wolf, OT *böri]
tsös : bile anat [OM tiyö(l)sün; see sös]
tsötsgiy : cream
tsug : together [OM tiyug, cp. Kyr chulga- wrap, OT *cug bundle and *cuk dense]
tsuhuyh : spread
tsunh : pocket
tsurhay : pike [OM tiruqay]
tsus : blood anat [OM tisun]
tsuu : call [OM tiyu; onom.]
tsuv : raincoat [OM *tibha fur coat]
tug : banner [cp. Tur tugh, Tuv tuk, Kyr tuu, Tib tog, Chi]
tugal : calf zool [OM tugul, cp. OT *toqlu, cp. Man tuqshan]
tugalga : tin, lead
tuhay : over
tuhlah : take time
tul : because, so that [see tölöö]
tulah : support [OM tulu- < *tul-]
tulga : grid [OM tulga support < *tul-; see tulah]
tunah : settle [OM tunu-]
turah : be lean [OM tura-, cp. Jap toroi slow, languid]
turliah : jack-daw zool [OM turulagh]
tursh : during [OM tursi long]
turshih : examine [OM tursi-]
tus : this [OM tus the other side, cp. Tuv tuskay separate]
tus : profit [OM tusa, cp. Tuv duza, Man tusa]
tusah : hit [OM tusu-]
tushaah : order [OM tusiya- < tus; see tus]
tuslah : help [OM tusala-]
tutam : each [OM tutum and dutum]
tuulah : go through [OM taghul- < *taphul-, cp. OT *topul-, Jap tooru pass, penetrate]
tuulay : hare [cp. Tur tavsan, OT *tabelgan, Kit *ta…lə (t‘ao-li) (Doerfer 1992, 49; Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121), Jap tobu jump, Kor t'uida, Chi tiao]
tuuli : tale [cp. Tuv tool, Chi]
tuuray : hoof [OM tughuray and turugh-, cp. Jap tsume nail, Kor thop]
tuurga : wall [OM tughurga]
tuurvih : begin [OM tughurbhi- plan, compile]
tuuzhuu : broom
tuyaa : ray [OM tuyagha]
tuylin : overly
tügeeh : distribute [OM tügüghe- < tügü- extend, cp. Kyr tök- spill, OT *tök- pour out, Jap tsugu fill out]
tügshüür : anxiety
tüleh : heat [OM tüle- < *tüghe-le- < *tügh-, cp. Tuv dül- cook, Eve dülacha sun; see tüymer]
tülheh : push [OM tülki-]
tülhüür : key [OM tülkighür < tülki-, cp. Tuv dülgüür; see tülheh]
tümen : myriad [cp. Tur tümen, Man tumen]
türee : boot-leg [cp. Tur diz knee, Kyr tize, OT *tir]
türeh : push forward [cp. OT *tür-]
türgen : quick [OM türgen < tür, cp. Tuv tür temporary, Man türgen fast]
türheh : smear [OM türki-]
türs : fish roe [OM türisün]
türüü : ear bot [OM terighü head, cp. Chi tou]
tüshih : support [OM tüsi-]
tüüdeg : bonfire [OM tüghüdeg < *tügh-, cp. Man tuwa fire, Eve togo; see tüymer]
tüüh : history [Chi]
tüühiy : raw [OM tüghükey]
tüüniy : his ppron [OM teghünü of that; see ter]
tüymer : fire [OM tüyimür < *tüghü-mür < *tügh-, or < *tüli-mür < *tüle-; see tüleh]
U
uchir : cause, ground [OM utir]
uchrah : meet [OM utira-]
ud : willow bot [OM udun < *pudun, Dag hudi-, cp. Man fodon, Kor patül]
udah : take time [OM udagha-]
udirdah : lead [OM udu-]
ug : root [OM ug and unggi, cp. OT *uq, cp. Man uksun]
ugaah : wash [OM ugiya- < *ugi-; see us]
ugtah : accept [OM ugtu-, Kal uktaha]
uhah : understand [OM uqa-, cp. Kyr uk-, OT *uk]
uhah : dig [OM uqu-, cp. Jap ugatsu pierce]
uhna : buck zool
ul : sole anat [OM ula]
ulaan : red [OM ulaghan < *pulaghan, Dag hulaan, Mgr fulaan, cp. Man fulgiyan, Eve hulama, Kor p'algan]
ulam : more [OM *ula-, cp. Tur ulam team, Kyr ulan- continue, Man ula-]
uliangar : poplar bot
ulias : aspen bot [OM uliasun < *puliasun, cp. Eve hula, Man fulha poplar, Jap hari and han-no-ki black alder, OJ pari]
uliral : season
uls : state [OM ulus nation, cp. Tur ulus, Kyr ulut, Tuv ulus]
ultsgar : difficult
umay : womb anat [OM omay]
unah : ride [OM unu- < *punu-, Don hun-, Mgr funi-, cp. Man unu-]
und : drink [OM unda, umda, cp. Man omi-]
ungah : fart [OM unggu- < *punggu-, Don hunggu-]
ungas : wool [OM unggasun and nunngasun; see noos]
uni : pole
uniar : mist [OM uniyar < *puni-, Dag honi, Mgr funi]
unshih : read [OM ungsi-]
untah : sleep [OM unta-, umta- < *pumta-, Dag huntura-, cp. Tur unut- forget, Kyr unut-, Eve omngo-]
ur : championship [OM uran art, cp. OT *uz]
urah : tear apart [OM uru-]
urgah : grow [OM urgu-]
urhi : snare [OM urqa < *purqa, cp. Tur urgan rope, Kyr arkan lasso, Man hurka and fuca snare]
urid : before [OM urida < uri]
urih : invite [OM uri- < *puri-, cp. Kor pulüda]
urihan : soft [OM uriqan]
ursgah : flow [OM urus-]
urt : long [OM *ur- < *pur-, Don fudu, Mgr fudur, cp. Tur uzun, Kyr uzak, Jap furui old]
uruu : down [OM urughu < *purughu, Dag horoo, Mgr furu, cp. Man fura- dive]
uruul : lip anat [OM urul < *purul, Dag horol, Don furun]
us : water [OM usun < *u and *husun sap, Buriat uha water]
ustah : perish [OM usta-]
utaa : smoke [OM utagha < *putagha, Dag hutaa]
utas : wire, thread [OM utasun < *putasun, cp. Tuv udazin, Man futa cord]
utga : sense [OM utqa]
uuchlah : forgive [OM aghutila-]
uudam : wide [OM aghuda- < aghu]
uugan : firstborn [OM augan; see aag]
uuh : drink [OM aghu-]
uul : mountain [OM aghulan]
uul : tinder [OM alu < *palu, cp. Man fulakcan tinderbox pouch]
uuli : owl zool [OM aghuli < *paghuli, cp. Kyr ükü, Jap fukuro]
uulzah : meet [OM aghuldi-]
uur : steam; atmosphere; fury [OM aghur, cp. Man abka sky]
uur : mortar [OM aghur, cp. Tur övüt- grind, OT *ög-, Man o and ogo mortar]
uurag : first milk [OM urag]
uurhay : pit, mine [OM aghurqay < *paghurqay, cp. Jap horu dig, OJ poru, Jap haka grave, OJ paka, Kor p'ada < *p'al- dig]
uushgi : lung [OM *aghusgi and aghuski and ouski, cp. Kyr öpkö, Man ufuhu, Kor phye]
uut : bag [OM aghuta < *paghuta, cp. Eve hutakan, Jap fukuro, Kor phode]
uuts : loin anat [OM uti, cp. OT *ucha, Man uca]
uyah : bind, sew [OM uya- < *puya-, cp. Tur oya embroidery oyulga- stitch, Eve uy- tie]
uyan : elastic [cp. Tuv iyat shame, OT *uya, Man uyan weak]
uylah : weep [OM uyila-, cp. Kyr iyla-, Tuv igla-, OT *iyla]
Ü
üd : noon [OM üde, cp. Tur öghle, OT *öd]
üdeh : join [OM üdü-]
üdeh : accompany [OM üde- < *püde-, cp. Tuv üde-, Man fude- lead, Tur uy- pass, adapt, OT *ud]
üdesh : evening [OM üdesi]
üg : word [OM üge]
ügiy : lack [OM ügey, Kal ugaa, cp. Tur yok have no, OT *yok]
üheg : box [OM üküg]
üheh : die [OM ükü- < *pükü-, Don huku-, Mgr fugu-]
üher : cattle zool [OM üker < *püker, Don fugie, cp. Tur öküz ox, Kyr ögüz, OT *öküz]
ül : not
üldeh : chase [OM ülde- < *pülde-, cp. Eve helin- hurry]
üleh : rest, remain [OM ülü- < *pül-, Dag hulu- leave more, Mgr fulee-; see ülemzh]
üleeh : blow [OM üliye- < *püliye-, Dag huul-, Don fulie-, Mgr puule-, cp. Kyr üylö-, Man fulgiye-, Eve huv-, Kor puda, Jap fuku]
ülemzh : more [OM üle- < *pül- be much, cp. Man fulu plenty]
ülger : comparison; tale [OM üliger < üli- compare < *ügüli- tell, cp. Man elin; see üg]
ündes : root [OM ündüsün]
üne : price [cp. Eve uniye- sell]
ünee : cow zool [cp. Tur inek, OT *inek, Man uniyen, Kit *unj ox (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121)]
üneg : fox zool [cp. Tur enik kitten, puppy, OT *enük, Man funiyehe hair, Jap inu dog]
üner : smell [OM ünür < *pünü-, Dag huunu-, Mgr funir, cp. SKor pun]
üns : ash [OM ünesün < *pünesün, Don funiesun, Mgr hunse, cp. Man fulenggi]
ünseh : kiss [OM ünüs- < *pünü-; see üner]
ür : seed, offspring; fruit; result [OM üre < *püre, Dag hure, Mgr fure, cp. Tuv üre seed and uruk child, Tur üre- be increased, Kyr ürön seed, Man fursun sprout, Eve hute child, offspring, Jap uji lineage, Kor ul family]
ürchiyh : wrinkle [OM ürtiyi- < *pür-, cp. Tur büz- shrink, OT *bür-]
üreh : squander [OM üre- < *püre- go apart, cp. Tuv üre- break, Tur vur- beat, Kyr ur-, OT *ur-, Man fori-, Jap furuu shake]
üreh : rub [OM ürü- < *pürü-, cp. Tur üz- make sad, Kyr üz- break off, OT *ür-, Man furuku rasp]
ürgeh : scare [cp. Tur ürk- be scared, Kyr ürk-, OT *ürk, Man fuce-, Jap odoroku be surprised]
ürgelzh : permanent [OM ürgüldi, cp. OT *ürgüldzhü]
üs : hair [OM üsün < *püsün, cp. Dag husu]
üseg : letter [OM üsüg < *püsüg, cp. Man fusihen writing tablet, Kor s'üda < *psü- write]
üsreh : jump [OM ösür- < *pösür-, Kal öserhe, cp. Man fusu- sprinkle, Kor pusta pour]
ütree : vagina [OM ütü- < *pütü-, cp. Tuv üt hole, OT *üt, Man feteri nostril]
üü : wart [OM eghü < *peghü, cp. Man fuhu]
üüd : door [OM eghüden]
üül: cloud, darkness [OM eghülen, Tabgach *eülen (yu-lien) (Doerfer 1992, 45)]
üüniy : his, of this [OM eghüney]
üür : nest [OM eghür < *peghür, cp. Man feye, Eve hugi]
üür : dawn [OM ür and ör, cp. OT *örüng bright]
üüreh : carry [OM eghüre-, cp. Jap ou]
üüseh : form [OM eghüs- < *eghü-]
üye : joint; generation, epoch [OM üye]
üyen : ermine zool [cp. Jap u hare]
üyer : flood [OM üyir]
üyl : deed, affair [OM üyile, cp. Man uilen]
üymeh : make tumult [OM üyime- < *püyime-, cp. Man fumere- mix]
üyreh : crumble [OM üyire-]
üzeg : pen [OM üdiyüg < *diyüg bamboo, Chi chu (Mandarin zhu, dial. chuk)]
üzeh : see [OM üdi-]
üzem : grape bot [cp. Tur üzüm]
üzüür : tip [OM üdigür < *üdi-, cp. Man udiu head]
V
vaar : vase [Chi]
van : king [Chi wang]
vanduy : pea [Chi wan-tou]
vintov : rifle [Russian vintovka]
vokzal : station [Russian vokzal]
Y
yaah : do something [OM *ighu-; see yuu]
yaam : goverment office [Chi ya-men]
yaarah : hurry [OM *ighara- < *igh-, cp. Tur yagh- rain down; see yüüleh]
yadah : be unable, be in need [OM *ida-, cp. Tuv yadii poor, Man yada- need]
yaduu : poor [OM idaghu < *ida-, cp. Tur yaya pedestrian, OT *yadha; see yadah]
yag : exactly
yal : punishment [OM *ila, cp. OT *yala-]
yalaa : fly, mosquito zool [OM ilaghasun, cp. Kor phari, Jap hae, hachi bee, OJ pape, pati]
yalah : be victorious
yalgah : discern [OM ilga-]
yalzrah : rot [OM ildira-]
yam : snot [OM *ima]
yamaa : goat [OM imaghan, cp. Man niman and imahan, Kit *ema sheep (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121)]
yamagt : always [OM imagta]
yamba : privilege [see yaam]
yanag : beloved [cp. Tuv inak love, OT *ina-]
yangir : mountain goat anat
yanhan : prostitute [OM *ingqan]
yanz : model, type [Chi yang-ji]
yanzga : young antelope zool
yar : ulcer [OM ira, cp. Tur yara wound]
yarih : speak [OM ira-]
yaruu : harmony [OM iraghu < ira-, cp. Kyr ir song, OT *ir; see yarih]
yaruu : noble [OM iraghu < *yara- shine, cp. OT yar- bright]
yas : bone [OM isun]
yatga : harp [OM itugan < *pitugan, cp. Man yatuhan and fitugan]
yatgah : convince
yavah : go [OM ibha-, cp. Man yabu-, yafa- and yoo-]
yazguur : root [OM idigur < *pidighur, cp. Man fujuri origin]
yeeven : cake [Chi yüeh-bing]
yer : general [OM *irü]
yerööh : wish [OM irüghe- < *pirü-, cp. Man firu- curse]
yertönts : world [see zerleg]
yes : nine num [OM i(r)-sün, cp. Eve yegin, Kit *is (Chinggeltei 2002, 107)]
yooton : candy [Chi yao-tang]
yor : omen [cp. Tur yorum interpretation, Jap uranau divine]
yorool : ground [OM irughal < *pir; see ir]
yos : habit, custom [cp. Tuv yozu, Man yoso, Chi yo]
yosloh : salute [OM *isula- be polite]
yöstoy : genuine
yotuu : partridge zool [OM itaghu, cp. Man itu and gituku, Chi gi-ton-gu]
yum : thing [OM y(agh)uman]
yuu : what [OM ighu, cp. Man ai and ya which, Eve ekun what]
yüüleh : pour over [OM *ighüle- < *igh-, cp. Tur yu- wash and OT *yük- rain down; see yaarah]
Z
zaa : good [OM diye]
zaag : border [OM dighag]
zaah : show [OM digha-]
zaah : join [OM digha- < *dipha-, cp. Tur yap- make, Man yafa- catch]
zaan : elephant zool [OM dighan, cp. Tuv chaan, OT *yaghan]
zaari : moschus [OM dighari < *diphari, cp. Kyr zhipar fragrance, OT *yipar]
zaaval : absolutely [cp. SKor cha-pul well-(or)-not]
zadlah : open [OM didal-]
zagas : fish zool [OM digasun, cp. Man nimaha]
zagnah : scold [OM dingna-]
zah : rim; collar [OM diqa, cp. Tur yaka collar, Kyr zhaka, OT *yaqa]
zahia : letter [OM dikiyan < diki-, cp. Tur yaka collar, Kyr zhaka, OT *yaqa; see zahih]
zahih : order [OM diki-]
zalgah : connect, lengthen [OM dilga-, cp. Kyr zhalga-, OT *yalga, Man dialu- succeed]
zalgih : swallow [OM diyalgi-]
zalhuu : lazy [OM dilqa- be lazy, cp. Kyr zhalkoo, OT *yashi]
zali : deceit [OM dili, cp. Tur yalan lie, Kyr zhalgan, Man diali deceit]
zaluu : young [OM dilaghu, cp. Kot d'al child]
zam : road [OM dim, cp. Tib lam]
zan : manner [OM ding]
zanah : threat [OM dinu- and dingga-, cp. OT *yan-]
zandan : sandalwood bot [Skt candana]
zandrah : shout at [OM dingdur- threaten]
zanga : snare [OM dinggu]
zanshih : be accustomed [OM dingsi-]
zaraa : hedgehog zool [OM diragha]
zarah : sell [OM diru- assign as a servant]
zarlig : decree [OM dirlig, cp. Tur yarlik, OT *yarliq]
zasah : repair, improve [OM disa- punish, cp. Tur yasa law, Man dasa- correct]
zavi : boat [OM dibhi, cp. Man jaya, Eve diav]
zavsar : interval [OM dibhsar < dibh]
zay : distance [OM diyay free space]
zazhlah : chew [OM didila-, cp. Tur cighne- crush, gnaw, OT *yigh-]
zedgene : strawberry bot [OM didgene, cp. Tur cilek, OT *yilek, Man duqsi blackberry, Eve dikte berry; see zhimsgene]
zee : grandson [OM dighe, cp. Tur yeghen nephew, Kyr zheen, OT yeghen]
zeeh : wolverine zool [OM digheken, cp. OT *yeken akin to Tur ye- eat, Kyr zhe-, OT *ye-]
zeel : market; loan [OM digheli street]
zeer : antelope zool [OM digheren, cp. Tur ceylan gazelle, Kyr zheyren, OT *yeghren]
zegs : rush, reed bot [OM digesün, cp. Kyr zheken, OT *yeken]
zem : scolding [OM dime]
zereg : rank, sort [OM dirge, cp. OT *yerge]
zerleg : wild [OM dirlig < *dir land, cp. Tur yer place, Kyr zher earth]
zes : copper [OM dis, cp. Kyr zhez, Tuv ches brass, OT *yes]
zev : tip [OM dibhe < *dibh- arrowhead, cp. Kyr zhebhe arrow; see züü]
zev : rust [OM dibhe]
zevseg : weapon [OM dibhseg and dimseg < *dibh-, cp. Tuv chepsek, OT *yepse-; see zev]
zhaahan : small [see zhaalhan]
zhaal : child
zhaalhan : small [see zhaal]
zhaaz : frame [Chi jia-ji]
zhad : spear [OM dida, cp. Man gida]
zhalga : ravine [OM dilga, cp. OT *yilga]
zhar : sixty num [OM diran <*dirgughan-on; see zurgaa]
zhats : ammoniac [Tib rgya-tsva]
zhavar : cool wind [OM dibhar]
zhavhlah : be glorious [OM dibhqula-]
zhich : also [OM diti < *dirti < *diri two; see zhiremsen]
zhil : year [OM dil, cp. Tur yil, Kyr zhil, OT yil, Jap toshi]
zhimiyh : squeeze [OM dimüy-, cp. Tur yum- close eyes, OT *yum-]
zhims : fruit bot [OM dimis, cp. Tur yemis, Kyr zhemis]
zhimsgene : berry bot [see zhims, zedgene]
zhin : weight [OM ding, Chi chang]
zhiremsen : pregnant [OM dirumsun < *diri two, cp. Man diuwe, Eve diur, Kit *chur (Chinggeltei 2002, 107)]
zhirgeh : sing [OM dirga- be happy, cp. Kyr zhirgal pleasure, OT *yirga]
zhishee : example [OM disiye]
zhivaa : ten million num [Kal zhovaa, Tib bye-ba]
zhizhig : small [OM didig]
zholoo : bridle, rein [OM dilugha, cp. Tur yular, Man diulhu, Eve dül head]
zhoroo : ambler [OM dirugha, cp. Kyr zhorgo, OT *yorgha]
zhor : recipe [Tib sbyar-ba formula]
zhötöö : envy [OM diyöteghü, cp. OT *yütkü]
zhuram : order [OM dirum]
zhüzhig : show [OM diyüdigi]
zochloh : be a host [OM ditila-]
zodoh : hit [OM diyoda-, cp. Kyr zhoy-, OT *yod-]
zogsoh : stand [OM digsa-]
zohih : correspond [OM diki-]
zol : luck [OM diyol, cp. Tur yol way, Kyr zhol]
zolgoh : meet [OM dilga-]
zolig : devil [OM dilig vagabund]
zoos : coin [OM dighus]
zorih : make efforts [OM diri-, Kal zörhe, cp. Man diyori- strive; see zörih]
zovoh : suffer [OM diba-]
zögiy : bee [OM diyögey, cp. Eve diuvu- wasp]
zööh : carry [OM dighe-, cp. Tur yük load, Kyr zhük, OT *yük, Man diuwe- transport]
zöölön : soft [OM diyöghelen, cp. Tur yavas slow, Kyr zhoosh meek, OT *yabhal, Jap yawaraka soft]
zörög : path [cp. Man niji]
zöröh : pass [OM diri-, cp. Tur yürü- walk, Kyr zhür- go and zhürü- be in motion, OT *yori- go; see zorih]
zöv : right [OM diyöbh, cp. OT *yöp, Jap mae front]
zövhön : only [OM diyöbhken]
zövlöh : advise [OM diyöbhle- > diyöbh; see zöv]
zud : shortage of fodder [OM did]
zugaa : entertainment [OM diyogha < *diyoph-, cp. Tuv chugaa, Kyr zhubat- comfort, OT *yubh-]
zugtah : flee [OM diguta-]
zulbah : lose hair [OM dilbu- and dilmu-, also dilba-yi hairless < *dil-; see zulgaah]
zulgaah : pluck [OM dilga- < *dil-, cp. Tur yol-, Kyr zhul-, OT *yul-]
zulzaga : young (animal, plant) [OM dildigan < *dil-; see zulgaah]
zun : summer [OM diyun, cp. Man diuwari, Eve diugani]
zurah : paint [OM diru-, cp. Tur yaz- write, Kyr zhaz-, OT *yaz-, Man niru- draw, Jap nuru paint]
zurgaa : six num [OM dirgughan, cp. Man ninggun, Eve nyungun, Kit *nir (Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Jap mu]
zurvas : narrow strip [OM dirbhus]
zuu : hundred num [OM dighun, cp. Tur yüz, Kyr zhüz, Eve nyama, Kit *zhau (chao) (Doerfer 1992, 48; Chienggeltei 2002, 107), Jap momo]
zuuh : bite [OM dighu-]
zuuh : stove [OM diyuqa]
zuuraa : during [OM dighur < *dibhur interval; see zavsar]
zuurah : knead [OM dighura-, cp. Tur yoghur-, Kyr zhuur-, OT *yoghur-, Jap neru]
zuzaan : thick [OM didighan, cp. Kyr zhoon, OT *yogho-]
züdeh : hurry, tire out [OM diyüde-, cp. Kyr zhüdö- be exhausted]
züg : side, direction [cp. Tuv chük]
züheh : curse [OM dikü-]
züleg : lawn [OM dilge]
zülgeh : polish [OM dilgü- rub, scrape, cp. Tur yülü- shave]
zür : antelope zool [OM diyür]
zürh : heart [OM dirüken, cp. Tur yürek, Kyr zhürök, OT *yürek]
zürzh : orange bot [OM dirdi]
züs : color [OM disün, cp. Tur yüz face, Kyr zhuz, OT *yüz]
züseh : cut [OM disü-]
züsreh : hold out [OM disere-]
zütgeh : make efforts [OM didkü-, cp. Tur yet- suffice, Kyr zhet-, OT *yet-]
züü : needle [OM dighün, cp. Tur ighne, Kyr iyne, OT *yighne, Eve inme, Jap ya arrow]
züüd : dream [OM dighüden]
züüh : put [OM dighü-; see zööh]
züün : left; east [OM dighün, cp. Tuv chöön, Eve diegin- left]
züy : affair [OM diyüy, cp. Jap yue reason]
züyrleh : oppose [OM diyirle-]
* * *
Abbreviations:
anat = anatomy
Ara = Arabic
bot = botanics
Chi = Chinese
cp. = compare
Dag = Daghur
dial. = dialect(al)
Don = Dongxian
Eve = Evenki
Gre = Greek
Jap = Japanese
Kal = Kalmyk
Kit = Kitan
Kog = Koguryo
Kor = Korean
Kot = Kottic
Kyr = Kyrgyz
Man = Manchu
Mgr = Monguor
num = numeral, number
onom. = onomatopoeic word
OJ = Old Jap
OM = Old Mongolian
OT = Old Turkic
Pae = Paekche
Per = Persian
pl. = plural
ppron = personal pronoun
Rus = Russian
SJap = Sino-Japanese
SKor = Sino-Korean
Skt = Sanskrit
Tib = Tibetan
Tur = Turkish
Tuv = Tuvan
zool = zoology
Note:
"cp." (=compare) does not mean that the Mongolian word is related to the non-Mongolian words listed here. It only means that they might be related, but the question needs further scrutiny.
The use of "cp." is a way to avoid the controversial notion of Altaic, which had served, at first, to cover the loose group of Turkic, Mongolian and Manchu-Tungusic languages, but later on several linguists also added Korean and even Japanese to the so-called "Altaic languages".
Literature:
Poppe, N.: Vergleichende Grammatik der Altaischen Sprachen (1960)
Ramstedt, G. J.: Kalmückisches Woerterbuch (1935)
Ramstedt, G. J.: Studies in Korean Etymology (1949)
Chinggeltei: On Problems of Reading Kitan (Chinggeltei 2002)
Doerfer, G.: Mongolica im Alttürkischen (Doerfer 1992)
Itabashi, Y.: A Study of the Historical Relationship of Koguryo (Itabashi 2003)
Li Ki Mun: Geschichte der Koreanischen Sprache (Li 1977)
Vovin, A.: Old Japanese (Vovin 2004)
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