Cluster Remapping
With transaction logging and recovery, NTFS ensures that the volume structure will not be corrupted, so all metadata files remain available after a system crash. However, user data and metadata can become at risk because of a system crash or a bad sector.
NTFS implements a recovery technique named cluster remapping. When hardware returns a bad sector error to the file system, NTFS dynamically replaces the cluster that contains the bad sector and allocates a new cluster for the data. If the error occurs during a read, NTFS returns a read error to the calling program, and the data is lost. When the error occurs during a write, NTFS writes the data to the new cluster, and no data is lost. The bad sector is recorded and not reused again.
Bad sectors on the physical disk can result in data loss and corruption. To check every section on the disk, try to recover the data, and remap the bad sections, run Chkdsk in repair mode by using the /f /r command-line switches.
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