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Chapter I. Theoretical foundations and approaches to the study of politeness 7
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| bet | 7/24 | | Sana | 20.11.2023 | | Hajmi | 0,66 Mb. | | #102138 |
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We also state that in the 21st century, the transition to the use of e-mail introduces more and more general literary language forms into a business letter, leads to the erasure of boundaries in the system of etiquette formulas.
The mentioned linguistic phenomena are reflected in specific analytical material.
2.2-§. Lexical and phraseological features of e-mail writing
Communication is a simple although powerful word. Language is a means of communication and a medium to convey different meanings. A key characteristic of communication is that it always happens between two people, a speaker and a receiver. Communication guarantees an understanding between human beings as a means to achieving goals59. It plays a decisive role in the interaction and harmony of individuals both in societal and working life60. Likewise, communication has a fundamental role in collaboration between groups of people and in corporations61. There are various types of communication, such as verbal (face-to-face, phone calls, video chat) non-verbal (body gestures/posture, eye contact, facial expressions, movement) and written communication (letter, email, leaflets, reports, memo).
Standardization at the lexical level, as the analysis of the texts of letters has shown, is ensured by the reproducibility in them of the words and phrases and lexical units used in the business language of different periods of its development, which began to be fixed as normative since the end of the twentieth century.
First of all, lexical standards are implemented in the use of official vocabulary, lexical clericalism, stamps:
Uzb.: amalga oshirish, ro’yobga chiqarish, reallashmoq, reallashuv, natija, zarurat, zarur, qo'llab-quvvatlanish (qo'llab-quvvatlash o'rniga), yuqoridagi, qaror qabul qilish;
Eng.: execute, implement, implement, implementation, result, necessary, necessary, support (instead of support), the above, decision making, etc.
Book vocabulary is used, which characterizes the sphere of its use as rising above the level of everyday life:
Uzb.: ishonib topshirish, keyin, yuqorida aytilgan, iste'mol, ilgari, ko'rsatilgan, hodisa;
Eng.: to entrust, subsequently, the above, to consume, previously, indicated, a phenomenon, etc.
Officiality as a stylistic feature of business vocabulary is manifested in various lexical groups and is determined by standards in the use of lexical units.
In the analyzed letters, the use of terminological and special vocabulary is common:
Uzb.: kelishuv, kelishuv, eksport, taklif, taklif, shartnoma, birja, bozor, investor, sarmoya, listing, kotirovka, kontent, korporativ xatti-harakatlar;
Eng.: treaty, agreement, export, proposal, offer, contract, exchange, market, investor, investment, listing, quotation, content, corporate behavior. For example:
... Ma'lumotlarning majburiy oshkor etilishiga kelsak, Polyus Gold me'yoriy hujjatlar talablariga, shu jumladan "Aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari to'g'risida" Federal qonuniga, Korporativ axloq kodeksining tavsiyalariga, Federal moliya bozori xizmatining talablariga, Buyuk Britaniyaning moliyaviy xizmatlar organining talablari va Rossiya va xorijiy fond birjalarida, shu jumladan "Rossiya savdo tizimi fond birjasi" OAJ, MICEX fond birjasi YoAJ va London fond birjalarida listing qoidalarining talablari.
To the special vocabulary of an official business letter, we also include words with a generalized meaning, which in the text of the letter acquires concreteness, and in a business style - codification:
Uzb.: yetkazib berish (tovarni yetkazib berish), kechikish (tovarni bojxonada kechiktirish), jo‘natish (tovarni o‘z vaqtida jo‘natmaslik), javobgarlik, majburiyat (direktor vazifasini bajarish), undirish (pul jarimalari);
Eng.: supply (delivery of goods), delay (delay of goods at customs), shipment (untimely shipment of goods), responsibility (bear responsibility), duty (to act as director), foreclosure (to be subject to pecuniary penalties).
We will cover both formal emails and informal emails. Of course, they need to use completely different vocabulary, so first we will figure out which letters are formal and which are informal.
Formal: a letter to a client, colleague or business partner; letter of response to a vacancy; a letter requesting information or a letter of complaint to technical support, an online store, etc.
Informal: a letter to a friend, acquaintance, colleague; letter to relatives.
Structure of an email in English and useful phrases for each part:
1. The subject of the letter (subject)
Theater starts with a hanger, and email starts with a subject line, which is placed in a special line at the top. The presence of a completed subject line is an elementary rule of good taste, it is especially important not to forget about it in formal correspondence. Many people ignore the topic and go straight to the text of the letter, but in vain, because a clearly defined topic will immediately make it clear to the addressee what the letter will be about, whether it is important or not, etc. Moreover, if you are writing a business proposal to partners, the letter with a topic is more likely to be read and not thrown into the trash. For example, in a formal email about next month's meeting, you could write: Meeting on the 26th March at 11 a.m. (совещание 26 марта в 11 утра). In an informal letter to a friend, you can write: Thanks for your present.
2. Addressing word (initial phrase):
It is necessary to start the letter with an appeal to the addressee. It is written on the first line and separated by a comma, and the text after it is written on a new line.
If you are writing to a specific person in a formal style, use these addresses:
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