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The main issues and hypotheses of the research
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| bet | 3/24 | | Sana | 20.11.2023 | | Hajmi | 0,66 Mb. | | #102138 |
Bog'liq Ergashaliyeva Yulduz contentdanThe main issues and hypotheses of the research: In this dissertation work, a contrastive study of explicit and implicit features of politeness in written speech culture of English and Uzbek languages, a number of materials were collected, scientifically and practically interpreted, based on their functional and pragmatic - Necessary recommendations for conducting cultural analyzes have been developed. The linguistic status of the theory and practice of conducting these analyzes is revealed in detail.
Practical significance: The practical significance of the research results is that the collected language materials and their analysis and conclusions can be used for courses such as "Formation of intercultural communication in foreign language teaching", "General Linguistics", "Writing" and "Contrastive Linguistics". It can serve as an important resource for teaching lectures, and for students of philology faculties for creating study guides, textbooks, and dictionaries.
Level of Implementation: It effectively serves to reveal the importance and the essence of the problems of the subject "Formation of intercultural communication in teaching foreign languages", and provides practical help to get out of the state of "culture shock" of foreign language learners.
The results obtained in this dissertation work can be used as teaching material for students of the English language of the higher educational institutions of our Republic in subjects "Formation of intercultural communication in teaching foreign languages" and “Contrastive linguistics” and English language classes in secondary general education schools.
The structure and volume of the dissertation: The dissertation research consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of used literature. The total volume of the thesis is 97 pages
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF POLITENESS
1.1-§. Politeness as a universal conceptual category
Language is the most important aspect in human life. Through language, people can communicate with each other. This means that language is a really necessary tool for communication between people in everyday life. When using language in everyday conversation, the speaker or listener's use of the strategy called "politeness" becomes one of the main factors that make the conversation happen. Therefore, the issue of researching the concept of "politeness" from the point of view of linguistics will always remain one of the urgent issues before linguists.
Communicative categories of speech communication are generalized communicative units involved in the organization and / or regulation of the communicative process.
Communicative categories are understood as the most general communicative concepts that streamline a person's knowledge about communication and the norms for its implementation3.
Communicative categories reflect the communicative consciousness of a person, which is understood as “a set of mechanisms of human consciousness that ensure his communicative activity”4; they contain certain conceptual knowledge about communication, as well as norms and rules of communication.
Language gives us only material for constructing statements. The mechanism for constructing statements is determined by communicative consciousness.
Among the communicative categories that regulate communicative activity, researchers distinguish communication, tolerance, communicative integrity, communicative appraisal, communicative pressure, etc5.
The category of politeness is the central communicative category, since it is it that regulates communicative behavior, it plays the most important role in ensuring and organizing harmonious communication.
Like communicative consciousness in general, the category of politeness, being universal, has national and cultural specifics and can be considered only through the type of culture and the structure of social relations - to the main cultural values and accepted norms, rules of communication.
Today, among scientists, there are many approaches to defining the concept of "politeness". As T. Holtgraves pointed out, politeness cannot be seen only as a set of rules that determine our behavior. On the contrary, it is a very broad concept that covers areas of scientific research such as anthropology, linguistics, sociolinguistics, cognitive psychology, pragmatics, etc.6
Politeness as a category of ethics - the idea that has developed in the public mind about respectful treatment of people - is the result of a socially conscious need for the behavior of members of any society. The higher the level of social organization of society, the stronger the traditions, the richer the language of politeness. The need for various signs of politeness is the greater, the higher the degree of interdependence and interaction of people, the deeper a person's awareness of his place and his role in society.
The ethical foundations of the category of politeness can be represented as several levels. The first includes cognitive processes, primarily thinking. The second is the totality of linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge. The knowledge base can include components such as:
1) language knowledge: a) knowledge of the language; b) knowledge of the principles of verbal communication;
2) extralinguistic knowledge: a) knowledge about the context and situation, about the addressee (including knowledge of the goals and plans set, ideas about the speaker and the environment, etc.); general background knowledge (i.e. knowledge about the world).
This also includes knowledge of the psychological mechanisms of influence of their addressee. The third level is the culture of speech, which is the sum of skills and abilities that provide such characteristics of the statement as logic, expressiveness, stylistic adequacy, etc. At the same level, there are also the skills of both the correct / normalized and expressive use of non-verbal means of communication. And, finally, the fourth level, which includes the ability to plan and manage discourse in order to carry out a speech action on the addressee.
The type of culture determines the structure of social relations that are most acceptable for a particular community, life values that dictate the norms and rules of interpersonal communicative behavior.
The norms form a certain system of relationships based on rights and obligations, a system of social interaction, which includes motives, goals, orientation of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectations, evaluation and means7.
To comply with the norms in speech communication, there are certain strategies fixed in the minds of representatives of a particular linguistic culture, which regulate their verbal behavior in accordance with the communicative context and partner's expectations. The choice of strategies and language means is determined by the conditions of communication, i.e. communicative context, intentions of interlocutors and communicative expediency.
Politeness, in our opinion, is, first of all, compliance with the norms of communication through the use of communication strategies that reflect socio-cultural values and meet the communicative expectations of a partner.
E.P. Zakharova proposes to divide communicative categories into two groups: mandatory (actually communicative) and optional (accompanying) - regulatory and qualifying categories.
The former perform the function of organizing communication (for example, speech genre, locality, temporality, tonality, alienation, etc.), the latter are designed to regulate communication (politeness, success, categoricalness, optimality, normativity, etc.). Each communicative category occupies a certain position in the communicative structure of the discourse, and all of them are somehow connected with the speech activity of the speaker8.
Politeness is a category of communicative consciousness and is a reflection of the national mentality. It is an integral component of intercultural communicative competence, which regulates the communicative behavior of people. Knowledge of the national characteristics of this category is the key to understanding many features of the communicative behavior of the people, ignoring which makes communication difficult and gives rise to numerous stereotypes.
As above we mentioned, today, among researchers, there are many approaches to defining the concept of "politeness". Politeness as a subject of linguistics has repeatedly attracted the attention of local and foreign linguists. The problem of politeness includes issues such as developing the concept of politeness as a linguistic phenomenon, studying social-psychological factors that determine the forms and functions of polite behavior, establishing the relationship between the category and type of politeness.
In the encyclopedic dictionary of linguistics, the term politeness is explained broadly and narrowly. In the "Dictionary of Ethics" (Словарь по этике) by A.A. Huseyna and I.C. Kona, "politeness" is a moral quality that describes human behavior, for which respect for people is familiar with everyday norms of behavior, etc. has become a way of dealing.
Politeness is the first requirement of good manners. It includes: considerateness, outward appearance of benevolence to all, willingness to serve anyone in need, tenderness, politeness. Antonyms of politeness are rudeness, arrogance, and contempt for people9. It follows from the definition that politeness is a manifestation of respect. Courtesy is at the same time a willingness to serve someone in need, as well as delicacy and graceful handling. And, of course, timely and correct expression of speech - speech etiquette - is an integral element of politeness.
In T.V. Zheribilo's "Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" (Словарь Лингвистических Терминов) "politeness" is defined as a category expressed as a part of the system of personal pronouns. For example, the Austronesian pronoun 'achech', second and third person pronouns do not distinguish between number categories, but each has three politeness levels. In English, pronouns like these are neutral for politeness10. So, polite pronouns have different functions in different system languages.
In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by S.I. Ojegov, "courtesy" means compliance with the rules of etiquette, good behavior, politeness11. According to N.P. Kolesnikov's dictionary of antonyms, the opposites of politeness are rudeness, impoliteness, and rudeness12.
In the book "Complete Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" (Полный словарь лингвистических терминов) by T.V. Matveeva, "politeness is the observance of the rules of proper treatment of people in society, good manners, respect, correctness in mutual relations"13 is commented.
So, politeness is the practice of good manners or good manners so as not to offend others. In the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language, it is defined as follows: Xushmuomalalik (Politeness) is to treat someone well14. It is a culturally determined phenomenon and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be very rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context. Politeness can also be used in Uzbek with the term “xushmuomala”: Xushmuomala [xush+muomala]: 1. Muomalasi, gap so’zlari, xatti harakati yoqimli; xushfe’l. 2. Odob bilan yoqimli muomala qilish, xushfe’llik15. Instead of the term "politeness" xushgap, xushmulozim, xushfe’llik, xushtavoze, iltifot, xushsuhbat can be used. While the goal of politeness is to avoid offending others and to avoid offensive behavior so that all people feel free and comfortable with one another, sometimes these culturally defined standards can be manipulated.
It was first coined as a term "politeness" in 1978 by renowned theorists and scholars Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson. This means getting along well with people and showing good manners. Brown and Levinson emphasize the concept of "face", in which the speaker politely protects and saves the listener's face or rudely threatens his face.
"Politeness" and "polite" come from the Latin root "politus" which means "polished" but also "refined and elegant". The English term politeness (polite) in a broad sense is defined in The New Oxford Dictionary of English (Pearsall, 1998:1435) as "having or showing behavior that is respectful and considerate of other people"16.
These terms date back to the 15th century and derive from the late medieval Latin politus ("to smooth", "to polish"), which gained particular attention in England in the late 17th and early 18th centuries17. A careful analysis of the term polite(ness) as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary reveals at least two different but similar meanings in which it is used18.
Polite (adj): 1. Of persons (a) in respect of some art or scholarship, (b) in respect of general culture: Polished, refined, civilized, cultivated, cultured, well-bred, modish. One of the politest wits in the Kingdome for the Law (1629); Whatever the polite and learned may think (1840). 2. Of refined manners; esp. showing courteous consideration for others; courteous, mannerly, urbane. [He] perceives the wise are polite all the world over, but that fools are polite only at home (1762); He sent me the following polite acknowledgment of his having received the work (1831).
The first meaning of polite(ness) refers to politeness as a means of showing one's social class: that is, someone is "higher class" than others. In other words, to show what one thinks of oneself. Thus, when people think of politeness, they tend to focus primarily on other-directed (polite) behaviors, exploring the roots of the concept of politeness reveals that the simple concept is actually both self- and other-directed as (politeness) behavior.
A second definition of politeness is to show "good manners" or "politeness" (courtesy), which has to do with showing how one thinks of others. The term courtesy (or polite) is derived from the French court, whose had its origins in court life in medieval Europe, where "a man of good manners, be he a king or a lowly squire, had to set an example of good manners"19.
However, it later spread to the wider society, as the doctrine of one's place in the hierarchical society of the Middle Ages gradually gave way from the Renaissance onwards, and the middle classes moved to the "polite world" open to able to excel others through wealth or success20.
It seems that the first and second definitions of politeness originated from the use of certain behaviors called politeness (politeness) by the upper strata of society to distinguish themselves from those lower in the social hierarchy. However, in the last century, politeness has lost some of its upper-class connotations and has become more egalitarian. In modern English, the terms "polished" and "refined" are often more a matter of showing modesty than showing superiority over others.
So, the interpretation of the concept of "politeness" given in linguistics can be summarized as follows:
1. Politeness in language is a term traditionally applied to various means of linguistic expression of social relations between interlocutors and the people in question. These social relations can be diverse and are not limited to politeness in the everyday sense of the word.
2. Different approaches to defining and classifying this category can be found in the linguistic literature. Politeness is behavior aimed at avoiding conflict and ensuring successful communication, behavior that comes to certain social relations, paying attention to the feelings of others and evaluating the behavior of the speaker as polite.
3. Currently, oral communication is understood not only as information exchange, but also as disclosure of one's attitude towards the interlocutor. Many difficulties in intercultural communication arise precisely because the interlocutors cannot express their relationship to each other in accordance with the norms of this society and the specific expectations of the partner, which leads to conflicts and communication failures. This is because different ethnic groups have their own understanding of politeness.4. Forms of the politeness category are situational, that is, they depend on the specific situation of communication; formal or informal.
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