{The following is also an area which needs to be x-ref'd to historical info.} Instances:
6.2.42 AllativeCase:
AllativeCase expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 6,9,216; Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 1213; Gove, et al. 1966: 55,2359).
6.2.43 ContallativeCase:
ContallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the vicinity of'.
6.2.44 ConterminativeCase:
ConterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'moving into the vicinity of'.
6.2.45 InallativeCase:
InallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is inside the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards in(side)'.
6.2.46 InterallativeCase:
InterallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is in the middle of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the middle of'.
6.2.47 InterminativeCase:
'into in(side of)'.
6.2.48 InterterminativeCase:
InterterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the middle of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through it. It has the meaning 'into the middle of'.
6.2.49 IntertranslativeCase:
IntertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory between the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the in between.
6.2.50 IntranslativeCase:
IntranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving through the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along through'.
6.2.51 SuballativeCase:
SuballativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is under the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is under'.
6.2.52 SubterminativeCase:
SubterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region under the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region under'.
(Michaelis 1998: xv)
6.2.53 SubtranslativeCase:
SubtranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory underneath the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region underneath'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a feature of adjectives.
6.2.54 SuperallativeCase:
SuperallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is over'.
6.2.55 SuperterminativeCase:
SuperterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region over the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region over'.
6.2.56 SupertranslativeCase:
SupertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region over'.
6.2.57 TerminativeCase:
TerminativeCase expresses the notion of something into but not further than (ie, not through) the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'into but not through'.
6.2.58 TranslativeCase:
TranslativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change (Lyons 1968: 299301, Gove, et al. 1966: 813,2429, Sebeok 1946: 17, Hakulinen 1961: 70). X along, across Y.
6.2.59 VocativeCase:
VocativeCase marks a noun whose referent is being addressed (Crystal 1980: 377; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 251; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 228).
Class:
6.3 EvaluativeFeature:
A feature associated with a nominal that generally indicates that the referent is viewed favorably or unfavorably by the speaker.
Any
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Pejorative
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Preferred
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Other
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Figure 6. Entailment relations among Evaluative feature values
Instances:
6.3.1 PejorativeEvaluation:
A special form of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with distaste, contempt, or displeasure (Valentine 2001: 190-193).
6.3.2 PreferredEvaluation:
A special form of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with favor or admiration.
Class:
6.4 EvidentialityFeature:
Evidentiality is the system of indicating the basis of an agent's warrant for their belief in what they say. It is closely related to Mood, some of whose values indicate the strength of the agent's belief.
Any
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Direct
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Indirect
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Other
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Visual
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OtherThanVisual
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OtherSource
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Inferential
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Auditory
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SecondHand
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Hearsay
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Folklore
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Deductive
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Assumptive
|
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Figure 7. Entailment relations among Evidentiality feature values (seems based on Willet, Thomas(?) 1988 article in Studies in Language)
cf. Aikhenvald 2003, also grammars of Dixon ...
•currently based completely on Palmer (2001), yet challenged by several researchers, whether or not it is totally linked to modality
•instead, it also relates to the source of information, and only secondarily modality
Orthagonal reference: Form + etymon is frequently related to the perfect.
(relegate to a COPE?)
Instances:
6.4.1 AssumptiveEvidentiality:
Assumptive encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through a possibly unsound inference procedure. That is, it is at least reasonalbe (Palmer 2001: 6-8).
6.4.2 AuditoryEvidentiality:
AuditoryEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct auditory experience; they heard it. This does not include spoken reported accounts, but only direct sensory evdience, such as the situation of 'hearing a tree fall' (Palmer 2001: 38).
6.4.3 DeductiveEvidentiality:
DeductiveEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through a sound inference procedure. (Palmer 2001: 6-8).
6.4.4 DirectEvidentiality:
DirectEvidential, also called sensory, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression by having direct sensory experience of some situation; this does not include hearing about it from someone else (Palmer 2001: 35-36).
6.4.5 FolkloreEvidentiality:
FolkloreEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through legend, folklore or some other established tradition (Palmer 2001: 40).
6.4.6 HearsayEvidentiality:
HearsayEvidentiality, also called third hand, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from a source generally considered less reliable than with a SecondHandEvidential (Palmer 2001: 40).
6.4.7 IndirectEvidentiality:
IndirectEvidentiality, also called reported, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from a source other than by experiencing the situation directly (Palmer 2001: 40).
6.4.8 InferentialEvidentiality:
InferentialEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through some kind of internal inference procedure, e.g., deduction, abduction, induction (Palmer 2001: 6-8).
6.4.9 OtherSourceEvidentiality:
OtherSourceEvidentiality indicates that the agent relies on another source for their belief in what they say.
6.4.10 OtherThanVisualEvidentiality:
OtherThanVisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression directly in a way other than through visual experience; they heard it, smelled it, tasted it, etc. (Palmer 2001: 36, 57). Renamed from NonVisualEvidentiality.
6.4.11 SecondHandEvidentiality:
SecondHandEvidentiality, also called the quotative, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from communicating with someone else (Palmer 2001: 40).
6.4.12 VisualEvidentiality:
VisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct visual experience; they saw it (Palmer 2001: 57).
Class:
6.5 ForceFeature:
Force expresses the speech act associated with a proposition. Among the traditionally defined values are Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative. Force is here distinguished from Mood, but there is a close association of Mood with Force values, e.g. between IndicativeMood and DeclarativeForce.
Any
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Actional
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Informational
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Other
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Imperative
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Hortatory
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Commissive
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Volitive
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Declarative
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Speculative
|
Interrogative
|
Jussive
|
|
Figure 8. Entailment relations among Force feature values
Instances:
6.5.1 ActionalForce:
ActionalForce indicates that the speaker or hearer is to undertake some action. Subsumes Imperative, Commissive and Hortatory.
6.5.2 CommissiveForce:
CommisiveForce indicates that the speaker promises or threatens to perform some action (Palmer 2001: 10, 72).
6.5.3 DeclarativeForce:
DeclarativeForce indicates that the speaker is informing the hearer about the content of what is said.
6.5.4 HortatoryForce:
HortatoryForce indicates that the hearer, possibly together with speaker, is admonished or to allow others to take action.
6.5.5 ImperativeForce:
ImperativeForce indicates that the speaker requests or demands action on the part of the hearer.
6.5.6 InformationalForce:
InformationalForce indicates that the hearer is to relate to the informational content of what is expressed. Subsumes Declarative, Speculative and Interrogative.
6.5.7 InterrogativeForce:
InterrogativeForce indicates that the speaker lacks certain knowledge about what is expressed, and may thereby be seeking information from the hearer. In that case, it is equivalent to a type of imperative: "Tell me ...".
6.5.8 JussiveForce:
JussiveForce indicates a request for permission to take action.
6.5.9 SpeculativeForce:
SpeculativeForce indicates that the speaker considers, or 'entertains', the content of the expression. That is, it is in the realm of possibility, though the speaker does not necessarilty believe it (Palmer 2001: 6-8, 25).
6.5.10 VolitiveForce:
VolitiveForce indicates that the speaker is willing to perform some action (Palmer 2001: 76).
Class:
6.6 GenderFeature:
GenderFeature the class of all grammatical genders found in language. It may be best subsumed under a more general class for noun classification. - we recommend indeed putting this under a higher class.
-Human vs. Non-human systems,
-systematic/semantic vs. arbitary systems
(Corbett, Greville: "controller gender vs. target gender") Steve Wexler and Laura ?Szlotich, Aronoff M. 1994 Morphology by itself: Stems and inflectional classes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Chapter ?2)
distinguishes declension clearly from gender
Any
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
Other
|
Feminine
|
Masculine
|
|
Figure 9. Entailment relations among Gender feature values
Instances:
6.6.1 AnimateGender:
One of the two grammatical genders, or classes of nouns, the other being inanimate. Membership in the animate grammatical class is largely based on meanings, in that living things, including humans, animals, spirits, trees, and most plants are included in the animate class of nouns (Valentine 2001: 114).
6.6.2 FeminineGender:
A grammatical class of nouns whose includes
6.6.3 InanimateGender:
One of the two grammatical genders, or noun classes, of Nishnaabemwin, the other being animate. Membership in the inanimate grammatical class is largely based on meaning, in that non-living things, such as objects of manufacture and natural 'non-living' things are included in it (Valentine 2001: 114).
6.6.4 MasculineGender: (Cross-ref: historical etyma {Masc. gender in IE is different from a "std" semantically-based masc. gender, see Corbett})
A grammatical class of most nouns referring to but not necessarily limited to males. OR : ...a gender to which males are typically assigned.
6.6.5. Other
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