• (I think
  • Modal verbs for past ability: Could
  • Could not (couldnt)
  • Grammar for IELTS Had to
  • Modal verbs for deduction in the past




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    Grammar for IELTS - Collins English for Exams

    Modal verbs for deduction in the past:
    Must/m ustn’t is used from the speaker's point of view to express a strong likelihood in the past 
    m u st/m ustn't + have + past participle 
    OR 
    m ust/m ustn't + have + been + past participle
    The prim e m in iste r m u stn 't have kept his promise about increasing alternative energy form s, 
    as I've seen nothing in the news about it. (I think it was likely he didn’t keep his promise)
    Note: M ustn't can be replaced by couldn’t fo r the same meaning.
    Might/may/could is used to express possibility in the past
    m ight/m ay/could + have + past participle (Also m ight/m ay/could + havebeen + verb(-/7ig))
    A curb on the use of fossil fuels m ight have curtailed the pollution problem , (it was possible)
    Note: Modal verbs of deduction [m ust/could/m ight/m ay +be) can also be used in the present, but it 
    is unlikely that you w ill see this in an IELTS exam.
    Modal verbs for past ability:
    Could is used:

    To express ability
    I could swim 100 metres, but I can’t now.

    To say that something was allowed
    People could travel w ithout a passport 200 years ago. (it was allowed)
    Could not (couldn't) is used:

    To express inability
    I couldn’t com plete my essay on global w arm ing.

    To say that something was not allowed
    He couldn't go into the monkey enclosure, (it was not allowed)
    Grammar for IELTS


    Had to is used to express a strong objective obligation in the past
    Unit 13
    People had to travel to A ustralia on a ship before a ir tra ve l was invented, (it was necessary)

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