8
CONTENT
Introduction……………………………………………………
10
CHAPTER
I.
MEASUREMENTS.
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF METHODS AND MEASUREMENT
INSTRUMENTS.......................................................................................
12
1.1. Methods and means of measurement………………………………... 12
1.2. Measuring instruments and their types……………………………… 17
1.3. Measurability of a quantity………………………………………….. 19
1.4. Metrological characteristics of measuring instruments…………….. 31
1.5. Measurement quality criteria………………………………………... 33
CHAPTER II. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS…………………. 37
2.1. Measuring of voltage……………………………………………….. 37
2.2. Measuring of current ………………………………………………. 41
2.3. Voltage and current measurement methods………………………… 42
2.4. Measuring of Resistance ………………………………………….. 43
CHAPTER
III.
DETERMINATION
OF
NON-ELECTRIC
QUANTITIES USING ELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS……………
47
3.1. Sensor technology…………………………………………………… 47
3.1.1. Perfect sensor……………………………………………………… 48
3.2. Temperature measurement………………………………………….. 51
3.2.1. Temperature measurement with resistance sensors (resistance
thermometers) ……………………………………………………………
52
3.2.2. Temperature sensors series KTY 10 and KTY 16………………… 55
3.3. Measuring rotational speed…………………………………………. 58
3.3.1. Three-phase tachogenerators……………………………………… 58
3.3.2. Measurement of rotational speed with optical sensors…………… 60
3.4. Pressure measurement………………………………………………. 63
3.4.1. Capacitance sensors for pressure measurement…………………… 64
3.4.2. Pesoresistive semiconductor pressure sensors…………………….. 65
3.5. Measurement parameters and energy audit tools…………………… 67
3.6. Portable devices for energy research……………………………….. 71
