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Judith A. Tyner. Principles of map design. New York. „The Guilford Press”, 2010

dIAgRAms
Models, such as those that show idealized climates (Figure 10.10) and the like, have 
also been described as cartograms, but are more appropriately designated as dia-
grams.
Many other graphic representations are created that are not as scientific as the 
value-by-area and distance-by-time cartograms since the distortions are not con-
trolled or as systematic as they are in the previous examples, but they serve many of 
the same functions. They are attention-getting and they communicate information 
in a clear, uncluttered manner. Many of these are route maps or diagrams, such as 
one might find for subway maps (Plate 10.2). The London Underground Map created 
by Harry Beck in 1931 is the most famous of these diagrams and has been imitated 
throughout the world.. There is no effort to preserve scale, and there is only slight 
conformance to orientation. The main emphasis is to show the basic route and stops 
of several different bus, subway, or train routes. These are usually depicted in bright 
colors, with each color representing a different route. The hope is that even a user 
unfamiliar with the language can use such maps to choose the correct route and 
arrive at a destination without difficulty.
A variation of this type of diagram is the use of flow lines combined with very 
stylized routes and a distorted base.
80°
70°
60°
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20°
10°
0°
10°
20°
30°
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60°
N
S
EF
ET
Dd
Csb
Csa
Ca
Cb
Da
Db
Dc
Dc
Db
Da
Ca
BWk
BSk
BWh
BWh
BWh s
BWhw
Aw
Af, Am
Aw
Ca
Csb
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BS
Cb
Cc
ET
BSh
fIgURe 10.10. 
A model showing ideal climates.

Cartograms and Diagrams 199
Some road maps include a diagram showing distances and estimated driving 
times between various points, but these are not scaled according to time as are dis-
tance-by-time cartograms, and they preserve the spatial relationships between the 
points (Figure 10.11).
Because of the nature of these diagrams, there are no guidelines for construc-
tion; each presents a different problem. The goals are clarity, simplicity, and speed of 
interpretation. It is also desirable for the diagram to be converted easily into a mental 
map for the reader.

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