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Fiona Aish & Jo TomlinsonBog'liq Grammar for IELTS - Collins English for ExamsOrdering main points: Use: firstly, secondly, next, finally, lastly
Ordering a process or narrative: Use: first, then, a fte r that, afterwards
Giving examples: Use: fo r instance, for example
Summarizing: Use: in conclusion, in sum m ary
A ll of these signposting words can be followed by a comma and a clause.
Firstly, there are many activities youths can become involved in.
In speech, many can be followed by a noun, verb or adjective.
Today I am going to look at youth problem s. Firstly, alienation. Then, peer pressure. And lastly.
a n ti-socia l behaviour.
This cannot be done in w riting.
Linking words and phrases:
These words link ideas together so that speech or
w riting can be followed clearly.
Positioning of linking words: Linking words can be positioned in a variety of ways w ithin a
sentence. Here you can see a sim plified guide to the main constructions:
1
Link word + Noun, Clause
OR
Clause + Link word + Noun
2
Link word, + Clause
3
Clause 1, Link word + Clause 2
4
Link word + Clause 1, + Clause 2
D ifferent linking words have different functions and need different constructions:
Addition: in addition (2), in addition to (1), moreover (2), furtherm ore (2), and (3)
Contrast: however (2), in contrast (2), in contrast to (1), whereas (3/4), although (3/4),
even though (3/4), yet (3), but (3)
Reasons: due to (1), because (3/4), because o f[ 1), as (3/4)
Results: therefore (2/3), so (1/3), as a result (2), as a result of (1)
Repetition: in other words (2), by that I mean (2)
; Grammar Tip: Using linking words and phrases correctly is essential. When learning a
; new linking word, use a good dictionary to look at how it should be used w ithin and/or
j across sentences.
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