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Tyner indb
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Bog'liq Judith A. Tyner. Principles of map design. New York. „The Guilford Press”, 2010General purpose map. A map that shows a variety of geographical phenomena, such as trans-
portation, political boundaries, hydrography, and the like. It is used primarily for ref-
erence, location, and planning.
Generating globe. A model of the earth used for the generation of perspective map projec-
tions, or a theoretical sphere to which projections may be compared. The scale of the
generating globe is the nominal scale of the map.
Geographic data. Facts gathered by measuring, counting, calculating, or derivation. They
measure or describe aspects of geographical phenomena.
Geographic information system. A computer-based system for collecting, managing, analyz-
ing, modeling, and presenting geographic data for a wide range of applications.
Geoid. An earth-shaped figure; the figure of the earth viewed as a mean sea-level surface.
Geometric symbol. An abstract symbol that uses geometric shapes such as triangles, squares,
and cubes.
GIScience. This term is used in two ways. (1) As a field of research that studies theory and
concepts of GIS. (2) Applying scientific method to address spatial questions. GIScien-
tists, in this sense, practice or use GIS. GIS technician, analyst, or specialist is often
used as a synonym for GIScientist.
Gnomonic projection. An azimuthal projection that shows all great circles as straight lines.
Graduated circle. A circular symbol that is drawn so that its area or apparent area is propor-
tional to the amount represented: also called a “proportional circle.”
Graphic (or graphical) scale. A graduated line marked in ground units that allows distances
to be measured from a map. Also called a “bar scale.”
Graticule. The system of parallels and meridians on the earth or globe.
Gray scale. Standard set of gray tones ranging from white to black.
Great circle. A circle on the earth’s surface formed by a plane passed through the earth’s cen-
ter that bisects it into equal hemispheres. The shortest distance between two points of
the earth’s surface is along a great circle arc. Also called an “orthodrome.”
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