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Content introduction 4 chapter I. The development of past tense forms in the english language
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| bet | 4/13 | | Sana | 01.05.2023 | | Hajmi | 62.11 Kb. | | #55474 |
Bog'liq Eldorni ishi namuna РАСУЛОВА М, Raxmatova Shaxsanam, Suyuqlikning muvozanatlik va harakat tenglamasi Reja, Iste\'molchilar yulduz va uchburchak shakllarda ulash, 39927, hyjhgj, F.Shubert ijodi, Mavzu O’zgarmas to’k dvigatellari va turlari ishlash prinsplari, Saparova Gulsanam , 4. Uglevodlar , Atsiklovir - Vikipediya, Kalendar reja, Zebo, Автокредит Полиси 149
Modular (as per WR model)
Modularity refers to the idea that there are self-contained areas in the brain that store mental processes such as the “lower level” reflexes. Refers to a specialized sub-unit to resolve cognitive tasks. Linked with the idea of some innate neural correlates for specific functions. Ullman and colleagues have recently extended the WR theory to a hypothesis about the neurocognitive substrate of lexicon and grammar [12, p. 34].
According to the Declarative/Procedural (DP) hypothesis, lexical memory is a subdivision of declarative memory, which stores facts, events and arbitrary relations. The consolidation of new declarative memories requires medial-temporal lobe structures, in particular the hippocampus.
Long-term retention depends largely on neocortex, especially temporal and temporo-parietal regions; other structures are important for actively retrieving and searching for these memories.
Grammatical processing, by contrast, depends on the procedural system, which underlies the learning and control of motor and cognitive skills, particularly those involving sequences. It is subserved by the basal ganglia, and by the frontal cortex to which they project – in the case of language, particularly Broca’s area and neighboring anterior cortical regions.
Irregular forms must be stored in the lexical portion of declarative memory; regular past-tense forms can be computed in the grammatical portion of the procedural system.
The brain processes regular forms like syntactic combinations and irregular forms like words - indicating specificity in the processing modules.
Examples: Anomia: swimmed from swim, (swam) - retrieval errors Agrammatism: regularization errors, lack of errors in retrieval.
Probabilistic (as per connectionist model):
Pinker’s theory rejected the role of meaning in selection of past tense forms. However, the authors have argued that, the influence of meaning in selection of past tense forms (be it regular or irregular) must be taken into account. In a recent study by Ramscar, he placed nonce verbs like ‘frink’ into semantic contexts that encouraged an interpretation resembling either ‘drink’ or ‘blink’ & “wink”. “frink” is a nonce word. In a neutral condition, with no semantic context, participants preferred irregular past tenses, and this trend persisted when context provided a meaning for the nonce verb similar to that of drink. When the context suggested a meaning similar to regular ’wink’ or ’blink’, or even to the regular word ’mediate’, participants shifted to the regular past tense, suggesting that use of the regular past tense can be influenced by semantics. So, participants acquired the past tense of ‘frink’ as either ‘frank’ or ‘frinked’ depending on the context in which the stem ‘frink’ was being used. So, given that meaning carries a weight in past tense formation, the model should be more probabilistic than modular. Brown mentions that learning of the inflections is probabilistic as and when required. The analysis of whether the overregularization is sudden leads them to conclude that it’s actually gradual and the acquisition is more suited to a probabilistic model.
Symbolic vs Distributed
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