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4.4 Gyro stabilization, IMU, and flight controllers
Figure 16. Drone movements. Drones – Various Applications 16

4.3 Drone movement patterns
Roll is the Z-axis on the nose and tail of the aircraft, i.e., longitudinal. It means it
rotates around the axis; the wings move up and down (
Figure 16
).
Pitch is the X-axis between one wing and the other wing of the aircraft, Lateral. It
rotates around the axis; in other words, the nose and tail of the aircraft move up and
down is also called the pitching motion.
Yaw is the Y-axis that runs between the upper and lower parts of the fuselage,
passing through the aircraft’s center of gravity. It means the rotational movement
on the axis. In other words, it is the right-left movement of the nose and wing of the
aircraft [8].
4.4 Gyro stabilization, IMU, and flight controllers
The gyroscope immediately responds to varying forces coming into the drone
by providing the necessary navigation information to the central flight controller.
The inertial measurement unit (IMU) detects the current acceleration rate using
the accelerometer and the gyroscope to see changes in rolling characteristics such
as pitch, roll, and yaw. The IMU includes a magnetometer to calibrate against
drift during flight. The gyroscope and IMU are core components of the drone
flight controller, which is the drone’s brain. Gyro stabilization technology is one
component that provides the drone with smooth flight capability by using all these
components [10].
Figure 16.

Drone movements.

Drones – Various Applications
16
4.5 Drone engine orientation and propeller design
Motors and propellers are the technology that lifts the drone, allowing it to fly or
hover. On a quadcopter, the motors and propellers work in pairs, with two motors/
propellers rotating clockwise and two motors/propellers rotating counterclockwise.
The drone moves according to the data it receives from the flight controller and
electronic speed controllers (ESC) for hover or engine flight direction.

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