Appendix A Commonly Used Projections meRcAtoR

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Judith A. Tyner. Principles of map design. New York. „The Guilford Press”, 2010

Appendix A
Commonly Used Projections
meRcAtoR
Classification
Cylindrical, conformal.
Graticule
Meridians: equally spaced, straight, parallel lines. Parallels: unequally
spaced, straight, parallel lines; spacing increases toward the poles.
Scale
True along the equator; constant along any parallel, increasing with distance
from the equator; infinity at the poles.
Distortion
Increases away from the equator; areal distortion great in high latitudes.
Usage
Designed and recommended for navigation. Recommended and used for
conformal maps of equatorial regions.
Other
All rhumb lines are straight lines.
mIlleR cylIndRIcAl
Classification
Cylindrical, neither equal area nor conformal.
Graticule
Meridians: equally spaced, straight, parallel lines. Parallels: unequally
spaced, straight, parallel lines; closest at the equator.
Scale
True along the equator; constant along any parallel, changes with latitude
and direction.
Distortion
Increases away from the equator.
Usage
World maps.
sInUsoIdAl
Classification
Pseudocylindrical; equal area.
Graticule
Meridians: central meridian is a straight line one-half as long as the equa-
tor; others are equally spaced sine curves. Parallels: equally spaced, straight,
parallel lines; perpendicular to the central meridian.
Scale
True on the parallels and central meridian.
Distortion
Accurate along equator and central meridian.
Usage
Atlas maps of South America and Africa; occasionally for world maps.
Other
Also called Sanson–Flamsteed projection.
mollweIde
Classification
Pseudocylindrical; equal area.
A poster-size chart of projections is available from USGS at egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/
projections/html

226 aPPenDiCes
Graticule
Meridians: central meridian is a straight line one-half as long as the equator.
Meridians 90° east and west of the central meridian form a circle; others
form semiellipses. Parallels: unequally spaced, straight, parallel lines, per-
pendicular to the central meridian.
Scale
True along 40°N and S; constant along any given latitude.
Distortion
Severe near the outer meridians at high latitudes.
Usage
World atlas maps, especially thematic maps.
Other
Also called homolographic; often used in interrupted form.
eckeRt IV
Classification
Pseudocylindrical; equal area.
Graticule
Meridians: central meridian is a straight line one-half the length of the
equator; others are equally spaced semiellipses. Parallels: unequally spaced,
straight, parallel lines; perpendicular to the central meridian; widest spacing
is near the equator. Poles are lines one-half the length of the equator.
Scale
True along 40°30
′; constant along any given latitude.
Distortion
Distortion-free at 40°30
′N and S at central meridian.
Usage
Thematic and other world maps in atlases and textbooks.

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