Tilshunoslikdagi zamonaviy yo
‘
nalishlar: muammo va yechimlar
129
of the composite sentence and the development of principles and methods of (which,
by the way, are still absent) of typological comparison of the composite sentence
based on the most reliable, typologically relevant features of the coordinates. All this
would ensure a systematic typological analysis of the composite sentence of various
languages resulting in, as far as possible, in revealing linguistic universals and
elaborating typological classification of languages according to the composite
sentence system based on purely syntactic features, one way or another correlated
with the morphological characteristics of the typologized languages.
In this regard, the question of the well-known asymmetric dualism of
composite sentence /synonymy and homonymy/ in different languages is also of no
less interest, since in this case, it turns out, there are many interesting regularities of
both a universal and a particular character.
Here, perhaps, is not a complete list of the most actual problems that, from our
point of view, are subject to research from the point of view of both the general and
the typological syntax of the composite sentence.
Thus, familiarization with the special literature on the raised problem allows
us to conclude that, along with the undoubted success of the numerous studies on
composite sentence, both in terms of individual languages, and in the comparative /
contrastive, characterological and typological / planes in which the description of
composite sentence is given of, one way or another, either for each specific language,
or for some selected languages for research separately, the urgent need for a
generalizing comparative-typological study of composite sentence on the materials
of languages of different systems is revealed.
As is seen from the above described, polycomponential composite sentences
in language is of great importance both from the point of view of their structural
semantic
organization
and
linfguocognitive,
as
well
as
from
their
linguoculturological features.
Notwithstanding the fact that polycomponential composite sentences have
more or less been investigated in special literature, problems of its definition,
linguocognitive featues and functions in communication still remain unsolved
(Admoni, 1982:46-53, Birenbaum, 1982:52-58, Gavrilova, 1981:26, Gamidov,
1977:18). Below we will make an attempt to work out the definition of
polycomponential composite sentences and establish their structural-semantic types
and reveal their communicative functions in speech.
Thus, a polycomponential composite sentence (PCS) is a composite sentence
consisting of at least three clauses (components), each of which has a grammatically
formulated subject and predicate structure, the clauses being either collocated or
coordinated or subordinated for the sake of realizing the communicative –pragmatic
intention of speaker /writer. For example:
Tilshunoslikdagi zamonaviy yo
‘
nalishlar: muammo va yechimlar
130
1) PCS with 3 asyndetic clauses, 3 components:
In the town there were more guns, there were some new hospitals, you met
British men and sometimes women, on the street. [13:36]
2) PCS with with 3 coordinated clauses, 3 components:
They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man
and he was not angry. [14:24]
3) PCS with 1 principal clause and 3 subordinated clauses, 4 components:
But the old man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave
or withheld great favours, and if she did wild or wicked things it was because she
could not help them. [14:36]
4) PCS with 4 asyndetic clauses, 4 components:
The snow slanted across the wind, the bare ground was covered, the stumps of
trees projected, there was snow on the guns … [13:33]
5) PCS, mixed, 5 components:
The door was open, there was a soldier sitting on a bench outside in the sun,
an ambulance was waiting by the side door and inside the door, as I went in, there
was the smell of marble floors and hospital. [13:36]
6) PCS, mixed, 5 components:
He saw the phosphorescence of the Gulf weed in the water as he rowed over
the part of the ocean that the fishermen called the great well because there was a
sudden deep of seven hundred fathoms where all sorts of fish congregated because
of the swirl the current made against the steep walls of the floor of the ocean. [14:35]
7) PCS, mixed, 6 components:
There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks
splashed mud on the road and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes; their
rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge boxes on the front of
the belts, gray leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6. 5 mm.
cartridges, bulged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road,
marched as though they were six months gone with child. [13:32]
8) PCS, mixed, 6 components:
Each line, as thick around as a big pencil, was looped onto a green-sapped
stick so that any pull or touch on the bait would make the stick dip and each line had
two forty-fathom coils which could be made fast to the other spare coils so that, if it
were necessary, a fish could take out over three hundred fathoms of line. [14:37]
9) PCS, coordinated, 7 components:
It came very fast and the sun went a dull yellow and then everything was gray
and the sky was covered and the cloud came on down the mountain and suddenly we
were in it and it was snow. [13:33]
10) PCS, mixed, 7 components:
Tilshunoslikdagi zamonaviy yo
‘
nalishlar: muammo va yechimlar
131
The river ran behind us and the town had been captured very handsomely but
the mountains beyond it could not be taken and I was very glad the Austrians seemed
to want to come back to the town some time, if the war should end, because they did
not bombard it to destroy it but only a little in a military way. [13:32]
11) PCS, mixed, 16 components:
Maybe she would pretend that I was her boy that was killed and we would go
in the front door and the porter would take off his cap and I would stop at the
concierge's desk and ask for the key and she would stand by the elevator and then
we would get in the elevator and it would go up very slowly clicking at all the floors
and then our floor and the boy would open the door and stand there and she would
step out and I would step out and we would walk down the hall and I would put the
key in the door and open it and go in and then take down the telephone and ask them
to send a bottle of capri bianca in a silver bucket full of ice and you would hear the
ice against the pail coming down the corridor and the boy would knock and I would
say leave it outside the door please [13:57].
There arises a natural question: What caused the appearance of
polycomponential composite sentence in the language? The answer is clear:
communicative intention. What is this intention caused by? It is caused by the need
to adequately verbalize the cognitive –conceptual semantics which is the cognitive
basis of the communicative intention of the speaker/writer.
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