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So‘z bоshi ...................................................................................
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4
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I BОB.
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“METALLAR TEXNOLOGIYASI”………...........................
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5
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1. §.
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Cho‘yan ishlab chiqarish usullari…………………………….
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5
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1.1.
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Cho‘yan turlari, olinish usullari, ishlatilish sohalari…….............
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5
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1.2.
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Domna pechining tuzilishi………………………………………
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12
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1.3.
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Asosiy va qo‘shimcha mahsulotlari………………….……........
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18
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2. §.
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Po‘latlarni ishlab chiqarish usullari……………………..……….
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22
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2.1.
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Po‘latlarni ishlab chiqarish usullari. Pech turlari…….……..…...
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22
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2.1.2.
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Elektr pechlarida po‘lat olish........................................................
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25
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2.1.3.
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Induksion elektr pechlar................................................................
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28
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2.2.
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Po‘latlarning markalanishi……………………………………….
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29
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2.3.
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Marten, konvertor pechlaridan po‘latlar olish texnologiyasi va afzalliklari……………………………………………………….
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34
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3 §.
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Metallarning ichki tuzilishi………………………......................
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40
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3.1.
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Metallarda bog‘lanishning metall turi..........................................
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40
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3.2.
|
Metallarning kristall panjara turlari………………......................
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41
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3.3.
|
Kristallografik tekisliklar……………….....................................
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43
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3.4.
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Metallarning ichki tuzilishi. Real kristallarning tuzilishi……….
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47
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3.5.
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Dislokatsiyalar………….............................................................
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51
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4 §
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Temir va uning qotishmalari...................................................
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56
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4.1.
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Temir-uglerod holat diagrammasi. .............................................
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56
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4.2.
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Temir va uning xossalari. Sementit va uning xossalari…………
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58
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4.3.
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Fe – Fe3C sistemasidagi strukturalar.............................................
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62
|
4.4.
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Fe – Fe3C sistemasining holat diagrammasi …………..……….
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64
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4.5.
|
Temir rudalari ………………………………..…………...…….
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65
|
5.§
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Termik ishlash nazariyasi ……………………………………....
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67
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5.1.
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Termik ishlash nazariyasi ……………………………………....
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67
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5.2.
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Po‘latni qizdirish jarayonidagi ichki struktura o‘zgarishlari…….
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69
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5.3.
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Perlitning austenitga parchalanishi ……………………….…….
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71
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5.4.
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O‘ta sovitilgan austenitning izotermik parchalanishi……………
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72
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5.5.
|
Perlit, martensit, beynitning hosil bo‘lishi....................................
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73
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5.6.
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Termik ishlov berishning po‘lat xossalariga ta’siri.......................
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76
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II BОB.
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YANGI METALL MATERIALLAR ……………………..
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79
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6.§
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Nometall materiallar....................................................................
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79
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6.1.
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Nometall materiallar haqida umumiy ma’lumot...........................
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79
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6.2.
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Polimerlar……….…………………………………………..…..
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80
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6.2.1.
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Termoplastik va termoreaktiv polimerlar ……………………….
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81
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6.2.2.
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Polimer asosidagi kompozitsion materiallar ……………………
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82
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6.2.3.
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Polimerlar va ularning turlari………………………………........
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83
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6.3.
|
To‘ldirgichlar va plastifikatorlar………………………………..
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87
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6.4.
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Plastmassalardan detallar tayyorlash usullari…………………..
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92
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7.§.
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Rezina, keramika, yog‘och materiallari va ishlatilish sohalari………………………………………………………….
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96
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7.1.
|
Rezina, keramika, yog‘och materiallaridan detallar tayyorlash haqida……………………………………………………………
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96
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7.2.
|
Rezina, keramika,yog‘och materiallari va texnologik xossalari...
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104
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III BOB
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METALLARNI ISHLASH TEXNOLOGIYASI…………….
|
109
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8.§.
|
Metallardan quyma detallar olish texnologiyasi……………...…
|
109
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8.1.
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Quymakorlikning mashinasozlikdagi o‘rni, quyma materiallar xossalari va ularni aniqlash ……………………………………..
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109
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8.2.
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Qoliplar, ularning materialga qo‘yiladigan talablari, tarkibi va tayyorlanishi…………………………………………….…........
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111
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8.3.
|
Model komplekti, sterjenlarni tayyorlash……………………….
|
112
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8.4.
|
Qoliplarni qo‘l va mashinalar yordamida tayyorlash……………
|
114
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8.5.
|
Quymalar olishning maxsus usullari ……………………………
|
119
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9. §.
|
Quyish texnologiyasi va quyma detallarda uchraydigan nuqsonlar ....................................................................................
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123
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9.1.
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Quymalar olishning maxsus usullari. …………………………
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123
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9.2.
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Qoliplar, ularning materialga quyiladigan talablari, tarkibi va tayyorlanishi. …………………………………………………...
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125
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9.3.
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Model komplekti, sterjenlarni tayyorlash. …………………….
|
128
|
9.4.
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Qoliplarni qo’l va mashinalar yordamida qoliplash …………….
|
130
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9.5.
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Metall quymalarda uchraydigan nuqsonlar, ularni yuzaga kelish sabablari va oldini olish…………………………………………
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131
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10.§.
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Metallarni bosim bilan ishlash va ularning turlari…………..
|
135
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10.1.
|
Metallarni bosim bilan ishlash………………………………..…
|
135
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10.2.
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Metallarni bosim bilan ishlashning asosiy usullari…...…………
|
136
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10.3.1.
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Metallarni qizdirish……………….…………………………….
|
137
|
10.3.2.
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Kamerali pech………………………………………...................
|
140
|
10.3.3.
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Metodik pechlar………..………………………………………..
|
141
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10.3.4.
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Elektrik pechlar………………………………………………….
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141
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10.3.5.
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Induksion pechlar…………………………………..…..………
|
142
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10.4.
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Prokatlash…………….…………………………………………
|
143
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10.5.
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Prokat stani……………………………………………………
|
146
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10.6.
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Metallarni presslash……………………………………………
|
148
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10.7.
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Bolg’alash………………………………………………………
|
149
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10.8.
|
Hajmiy shtamplash……………………..………………………
|
150
|
11.§.
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Materiallarni payvandlash, ularning sinflanishi va payvandlanuvchanligi…………………………………………
|
154
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11.1.
|
Payvandlash……………………………………………………...
|
154
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11.2.
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Payvandlash usullari va texnologiyalari ………………………
|
157
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11.3.
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Elektr yoy payvandlash …………………………………….…
|
161
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11.3.2.
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Elektrodlar……………………………………………………….
|
168
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11.4.
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Flyus ostida yarim avtomatik elektr yoy payvandlash ……..…
|
170
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11.5.
|
Argon muhitida elektr yoy payvandlash ………………………..
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171
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11.6.
|
CO2 muhitida elektr yoy payvandlash ………………..………..
|
172
|
11.7.
|
Elektr shlak usulida payvandlash ……………………………
|
175
|
11.8.
|
Plazma, elektron-nur, lazer (yorug‘lik nuri), gaz (alangasi) yordamida payvandlash ………………………………………
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176
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11.9.
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Kavsharlash texnologiyasi samaradorligi ………………………
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185
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11.10.
|
Rangli metallarni payvandlash ………………………………..
|
194
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12.§.
|
Metallarni kesib ishlash asoslari.......................………………
|
196
|
12.1.
|
Kesib ishlov berish……………………………………………..
|
196
|
12.2.
|
Kesib ishlashda harakatlar. Ishlov berish sxemasi ……………..
|
199
|
12.3.
|
Yo’nishda kesish rejimi elementlari …………………………..
|
200
|
12.4.
|
Tokarlik keskichi va uning burchaklari ……………………….
|
202
|
12.5.
|
Qirindi hosil bo’lishi va qirindi turlari …….…………………..
|
206
|
12.6.
|
Kesish jarayonida kuzatiladigan hodisalar. Kesuvchi asbobning turg’unligi ………………………………….…………………
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209
|
|
Glossariy……………………………………………...……..
|
213
|
|
Adabiyotlar.............................................................................
|
230
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