Тингловчиларнинг мустақил иши ўрганилаётган мавзу юзасидан маълумотларни ахборот технологияларининг имкониятларидан кенг фойдаланган холда йиғиш, олинган маълумотларни мустақил равишда ишлаб чиқиш, таҳлил қилиш ва амалиётда қўллай олишдан иборат бўлиб, унинг шакллари турли кўринишда бўлиши мумкин. Мустақил ишга мўлжалланган мавзулар қуйида келтириритилган.
Тингловчиларнинг мустақил ишига шунингдек, битирув малакавий ишларини бажарилиши борасида олиб борадиган фаолияти ҳам киради.
Мустақил ишни бажариш натижалари баҳоланади. Уйга вазифаларни бажариш, қўшимча дарслик ва адабиётлардан янги билимларни мустақил ўрганиш, керакли маълумотларни излаш ва уларни топиш йўлларини аниқлаш, интернет тармоқларидан фойдаланиб маълумотлар тўплаш ва илмий изланишлар олиб бориш, мустақил равишда илмий манбалардан фойдаланиб илмий мақола ва маърузалар тайёрлаш кабилар тингловчиларнинг машғулотларда олган билимларини чуқурлаштиради, уларнинг мустақил фикрлаш ва ижодий қобилиятини ривожлантиради.
Термин
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Ўзбек тилидаги шарҳи
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Инглиз тилидаги шарҳи
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Abiotik omillar
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jonsiz omillar – anorganik muhit omillari: yorug’lik, harorat namlik, tuproq, bosim kabilar tirik organizm faoliyatiga tasir etib, ularning hayotiga moslashuvida muhim ahamiyatga ega.
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A site In a ribosome, a binding site that accommodates tRNA delivering an amino acid.
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Abssess
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abssess ( abssessis;lot. absissit- ajralmah.yiringlamoq sii apostema) – yiring to’lgan va atrofdagi to’qima hamda a’zolarda piogei parda bilan ajralib turgan bo’shliq.
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Abscess An isolated site of infection such as a pimple, boil, or pustule.
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Abssess gangrenozniy
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Gangrenali abssess (sin.chirigan )- tarkibida chirigan yiring, sikvestrlar yoki detriy bo’ladigan abesess.
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Abyssal zone In marine habitats, the zone of water beneath the benthic zone, virtually devoid of life except around hydrothermal vents.
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Absessografiya
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absessografiya (lot.abssesst – ajralmoq,yiringlamoq) – shakillanib bo’lgan absesessning unga kontrast modda yuborilib rentgen tasvirida tekshirish.
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Acellular Noncellular.
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Absolyutno smertelnaya doza
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Absolyut o’ldiruvchi doza
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Acetyl-CoA Combination of two-carbon acetate and coenzyme A.
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Adgeziya
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Adgeziya (lot. Adhesion - yopishish) – qattiq yoki suyuq jismlar bir birga taqalganida molekulyar tortish kuchlari tufayli sirtlarining bir-biriga yopishishi.
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Acid Compound that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions.
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Aerobi
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Aeroblar - anaeroblardan farq qilib, erkin kislarodli yashovchi organizimlar.
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Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) (acid-fast fast rod, AFR) Bacilli that retain stain during decolorization by acidalcohol, particularly species of Mycobacterium.
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Agglyutinasiya
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Agglyutinasiya (lot. Agglutination - yopishish) tibbiyotda zarralar bakterialar qizil va oq qon tanachalari (eritrositlar va leykositlar) va boshqa xujayra elimentlarining agglyutininlar (qon zardobi) tasirida bir-biriga yopishib, g’uj-g’uj bo’lib tushishi.
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Acid-fast rod (AFR) Bacilli that retain stain during decolorization by acid-alcohol, particularly species of Mycobacterium.
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Agressini
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– Agressiv omillar – organizmning himoya kuchlariga ta’sir ko’rsatuvchi omillar.
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Acid-fast stain In microscopy, a differential stain used to penetrate waxy cell alls.
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Albumini - Albuminlar – hayvon o’simlik to’qimalari tarkibiga kiradigan oddiy oqsillar.
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Acidic dye In microscopy, an anionic chromophore used to stain alkaline structures. Works most effectively in acidic environments.
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Anabioz – Anabioz (yunon. Anabiosis – tirik qolish) tiriklik faoliyatini vaqtincha susayishi. Bunda o’simlik yoki hayvon organizimidagi moddalar almashinuvi juda pasayib ketadi.
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Acidophile Microorganism requiring acidic pH.
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Anabolizim – Anabolizim (yunon. Anabole - ko’tarilish) organizimda modda almashinuvining bir tamonini tashkil etuvchi kimyoviy jarayonlar yig’indisi.
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Acne Skin disorder characterized by presence of whiteheads, blackheads, and, in severe cases, cysts; typically caused by infection with Propionibacterium
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Anemiya – Anemiya (an va yunon. Haima - qon) kamqonlik – qonning xajm birligida eritrositlar (qizil qon tanachalari) va gemoglabinning kamayish xolati.
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acnes.
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Assimilyasiya – Assimilyasiya (lot. Assimilatio – o’zlashtirish, qo’shilish) tirik organizimlarning tashqi muhitdan kiruvchi moddalarni o’zlashtirishi “O’zimniki qilib olish” jarayoni.
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) The presence of several opportunistic or rare infections along with infection by huma immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a severe decrease in the number of CD4 cells (<200/μL) along with a positive test showing the presence of HIV.
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Avitaminoz – Avitaminoz (a.. , an.. va vitamin) organizimda vitaminlarning ko’p yetishmasligi natijasida paydo bo’ladigan kasallik.
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Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency diseases Any of a group of immunodeficiency diseases that develop in older children, adults, and the elderly as a direct consequence of some other recognized cause, such as infectious disease.
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Avirulentnost - avirulentlik – kasallik keltib chiqarish xususiyati yo’qotilgan, patogenligi pasaygan mikroorganizm.
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Actinomycetes High G + C Gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments and produce spores, thus resembling fungi.
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Avtoklav – elektr tarmog’i orqali suv bug’ini yuqori bosimda ta’sir etirib tibbiyotda sterilizasiya uchun ishlatiladigan apparat.
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Actinomycosis Disease caused by Actinomyces; characterized by formation of multiple, interconnected abscesses in skin or mucous membrane.
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Agar-agar – (mahalliy nomda agar-agar - shilimshiq) – qo’ng’ir va qizil suv o’tlarning ba’zilari (masalan anfelsiya)dan alohida usulda qaynatib olinadigan shilimshiq modda. Tarkibida 85-90% gacha uglevodlar 2-3 % oqsil 3-5% bor. Mikrobiologiyada (mikroorganizimlarni o’stirish uchun) ishlatildi
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Activation energy The amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction.
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Asepticheskiy abssess - Aseptik abssess yiring mikobakteriyalarisiz yiringlatuvchi moddalar tushishidan yuzaga keladigan abesess.
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Active site Functional site of an enzyme, the shape of which is complementary to the shape of the substrate.
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Agglyutinasiya- agglyutinasiya- (lot. Agglitina tio- yopishirish )- osilma (muallaq) zarrachalar - bakteriyalar, eritrosiylar – leykositlar, trombositlar, to’qima hujayralar hamda ustiga antigen va antitelalar adsorbsiyalangan faol zarrachalari yopishtirib olish va cho’kish.
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Active transport The movement of a substance against its electrochemical gradient via carrier proteins and requiring cell energy from ATP.
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Agglyuminat - agglyuminat (lot agglutinatum – yopishtirmoq) – agglyutinasiya jarayonida hosil bo’lgan cho’kma.
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Acute anaphylaxis Condition in which the release of inflammatory mediators overwhelms the body’s coping mechanisms.
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Agglyutinogeni - Aggmotinogenlar ( lot agglutino – yopishtirmoq + gr. genes tug’diruvchi ) – agglyutinasiya reaksiyasida qatnashuvchi aitigenlar.
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Acute disease Any disease that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time, whether it resolves in convalescence or death.
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Agromikrobiologiya- agromikrobiologiya (lot. agti – ep+ gr miknos – kichik + gr. bios- hayot + gr. logos- ta’limot, sin. qishloq ho’jaligi mikrobiologiyasi) - mikroorganizimlarning yer hosildorligidan, ovqat mahsulotlardagina va o’simliklarni qayta ishlashdagi zaruriyatni o’rganuvchi, shunindek, mikroorganizimdan qishloq xo’jaligi ishlab chiqarishda foydalanish metodini ishlab chiqaruvchi mikroorganizimning bir bo’lagi.
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Acute inflammation Type of inflammation that develops quickly, is short lived, and is usually beneficial.
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Adaptasiya – adaptasiya (lot Adaptatio – moslashish: sin moslashuv) – xar qanday organizim o’zgargan yashash sharoitlariga moslashish sharti.
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Adaptive immunity Resistance against pathogens that acts more effectively upon subsequent infections with the same pathogen.
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Aktinomikoz - aktinomikoz (gr Aktinomikos nurda gr muketos – zamburug’da gr – osis - kasallik, patologik xolat: sin nursimon zamburug’ kasalligi) - odam va hayvonlarning surinkali yuqumli kasalligi.
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Adenine Ring-shaped nitrogenous base found in nucleotides of DNA and RNA.
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Aktinomisiti – aktinomisitlar (gr Aktinos – nurda gr myketos – zamburug’, sin nursimon zamburug’lar ) – bakterialar bilan zamburug’lar o’rtasida oraliq o’rnini egallab turadigan ipsimon bo’lib shoxlanadigan gr “+” mikroorganizimlarni katta bir guruxga birlashtiruvchi schizomycetes – sinfiga mansub mikroorganizimlar tartibi.
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The primary short-term, recyclable energy molecule fueling cellular reactions.
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Allergidi – allergidlar (gr allos boshqa, o’zgachada gr. ergonda tasir) allergik tabiatli toshmalarning umumiy nomi.
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Adherence Process by which phagocytes attach to microorganisms through the binding of complementary chemicals on the cytoplasmic membranes.
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Allergiya – allergiya (gr allos boshqa, o’zgacha gr. ergonda tasir) organizimlarning qandaydir moddalarning qayta tasir etishi yoki o’z to’qimalari kompanentlariga sezgirligi oshib ketishi ko’rinishida reaksiya o’zgargan xolati, uning asosida to’qimalar zarar topishi bilan kechadigan immunitet yotadi.
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Adhesins Molecules that attach pathogens to their target cells.
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Anilin - Anilin (sin. Aminobenzol,fenilamin) – aromatik qatorining oddiy, o’ta zaxarli: bazi dori preparatlar va bo’yoq moddalarini olish.
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Adhesion The attachment of microorganisms to host cells.
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Agglyutinasiya
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Agglyutinasiya –suyuqlikda tarqalgan bakteriya, eritrosit va boshqa turli hujayralarning bir – biriga yopishib, cho’kishi.
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Adhesion factors A variety of structures or attachment proteins by which microorganisms attach to host cells.
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Angina
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(lot.ango-siqmoq,bo’g’moq)- streptokokk yoki stafilokokklar, kamroq mikroblar keltirib chiqaradigan o’tkir yuqumli kasallik, halqumning to’qimalari, aksari tanglay murtaklaridagi to’qimalar yallig’lanishi bilan yuzaga chiqadi; tomoq og’rig’i va o’rtacha umumiy intoksikatsiya kuzatiladi.
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Adjuvant Chemical added to a vaccine to increase its ability to stimulate active immunity.
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Antagonizm II
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– mikroblar antagonizmi - mikroorganizmlar birga yashaganlarida bir turdagi mikroorganizmlar boshqa hayot faoliyatini so’ndirib qo’yishidan yuzaga chiqadigan antagonizm
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Aerobe An organism that uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor.
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Abiotik omillar
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jonsiz omillar – anorganik muhit omillari: yorug’lik, harorat namlik, tuproq, bosim kabilar tirik organizm faoliyatiga tasir etib, ularning hayotiga moslashuvida muhim ahamiyatga ega.
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Aerobic respiration Type of cellular respiration requiring oxygen atoms as final electron acceptors.
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Abssess-
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abssess ( abssessis;lot. absissit- ajralmah.yiringlamoq sii apostema) – yiring to’lgan va atrofdagi to’qima hamda a’zolarda piogei parda bilan ajralib turgan bo’shliq.
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Aerosol A cloud of water droplets, which travels more than 1 meter in airborne transmission and less than 1 meter in droplet transmission.
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