Minnatdorchiliklar
Mualliflar ushbu loyihaning inglizcha versiyasi, shuningdek, Markaziy va
Sharqiy Evropa hamda sobiq Sovet Ittifoqi mamlakatlarida foydalanish maqsadida
qilingan moslashtirish va tarjimalarga o'z hissasini qo'shgan bir qator odamlarga o'z
minnatdorchiliklarini bildiradilar.
Kitobning asosiy matniga kelsak, butun qo'lyozmani tahrir qilib, ko'plab
o'zgartirishlar kiritish orqali uning mazmuni va o'qishga qulayligini yaxshilagan Jeyn
308
Shou Stroupga qarzdormiz. Sinye Tomas chizmalarni tayyorlashda ko'maklashdi va
butun loyiha davomida ilmiy yordam ko'rsatdi. Hamkasblar, universitet o'qituvchilari
va iqtisodiyot fani muallimlaridan olingan ko'plab izohlar matnga qo'shilgan. Yangi
qo'shimcha materiallarni ishlab chiqishda qo'shgan hissalari uchun Jon Morton, Skott
Niderjon, Mark Shug, Uilyam Vud, Jo Konnors va Pem Kuperlarga alohida
minnatdorchilik bildiramiz. Bundan tashqari, Brendon Brays, Joab Kori, Rozmari Fayk,
Natan Fauler, Fred Fransen, Mayk Hemmok, Jon Kessler va Kelli Marksonlar matnning
dolzarbligini oshirish, yangi misollar kiritish va ushbu kitobga hamroh bo'lgan elektron
paket sifatini kuchaytirish borasida o'z hissalarini qo'shganlar. Shuningdek, biz St.
Martin's Press nashriyoti xodimlari Tim Bartlett va Kler Lampenga foydali izohlari va
tahririy ishlarni tashkillashtirganliklari uchun o'z minnatdorchiligimizni bildilarmiz.
Nomlari qayd etilgan tarjimon va ekspertlar bilan bir qatorda loyihaga ko'p hissa
qoshgan, ayniqsa jarayonning qiyin damlarida bizni ruhlantirgan Barbara Forbsga ham
tashakkur aytamiz. Va nihoyat, o'zimiz va kitobxonlar nomidan loyihani boshidan
boshlab ham moliyaviy, ham intellektual qo'llab-quvvatlagan anonim homiyga alohida
minnatdorchilik bildiramiz. Uning iqtisodiy va siyosiy erkinlikka bo'lgan fidokorligi
tom ma'noda millionlab odamlar hayotining yaxshilanishiga ko'maklashadi.
Mualliflarning ko'p yillik dars berish faoliyatlari davomida ellik ming atrofida
talabalar ta'lim olgan. Talabalar bilan sinf va sinfdan tashqari bo'lgan ko'plab
muhokamalar bizga muhim ma'lumotlarni berib, oldimizga qiyin savollarni qo'ydi. Biz
bu o'zaro munosabatlarni qadrlaymiz. Ushbu kitobni o'qiganlarning ko'pi bilan yo'limiz
kesishishiga umid qilamiz. Yuzma-yuz uchrashgunga qadar esa, sizni hayotingiz
davomida «iqtisodchilardek fikrlashda» davom etishga va olgan bilimlaringizni
atrofingizdagilar bilan bo'lishishga chaqiramiz. Kelajagimiz shunga bog'liq.
309
Izohlar
1. Bozorlarni shakllantrishga moyillik inson tabiatining ajralmas qismi deb aytish mumkin bo'lsa ham, jamiyat
yetarlicha harakat qilsa, ularni oddiy insoniy amaliyotdan chiqarib tashlash mumkin. Masalan,
kommunizmdan (yoki hatto Rim katolik cherkovidan) keyingi o'tish davrining boshlarida tovarlar o'z
qiymatiga ega deb o'qtirilgan odamlar mahsulotlarni (ochlikni keltirib chiqarsa ham) faraz qilingan
«qiymatdan» past narxda sotishni ko'pincha rad etishgan.
↩
2. Yevropadagi eng kuchli sharshara. U Islandiyada joylashgan.
↩
3. Philip K. Howard, e Death of Common Sense (New York: Random House, 1994): 3–5.
↩
4. 2016-yil Ukraina uchun Mamlakat Jinsiy Ahvolining Bahosi, Jahon Banki, 48:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/128891470822320083/pdf/107673-PUB-P156988-ADD-ISBN-
PUBLIC-SoltisBookENweb.pdf
.
↩
5. Ma'lumot uchun Charlotte Web. “Swedes now spend more on fun than on food: study,” e Local Sweden,
2009-yil sentabr,
https://www.thelocal.se/20090930/22392
ga murojaat qiling.
↩
6. Masalan, agar korporatsiya biror bir mahsulot, aytaylik, ko'ylak ishlab chiqarish uchun bino va asbob-
uskunalarga 100 million dollar investitsiya qilsa, u ushbu mablag'ni mototsikl ishlab chiqarish kabi boshqa
maqsadlarda investitsiya qilganda olishi mumkin bo'lgan foydadan voz kechadi. Korporatsiya 100 million
dollarni bankka qo'yib, masalan, yiliga 5 foizdan daromad olishi mumkin. Bir yildan so'ng foizdan daromad
5 million dollarga teng bo'ladi. Ushbu voz kechilgan 5 million dollar foiz daromadi korporatsiya
faoliyatining muqobil qiymatidir, lekin bu uning buxgalteriya hisobotida aks ettirilmaydi. Natijada
xarajatlarning buxgalteriya hisobi ishlatilgan resurslarning muqobil qiymatini kamaytirib ko'rsatadi. Shu
sababli sof daromad foydani oshirib ko'rsatadi.
↩
7. «Singan deraza masali» uchun Wikipediaga murojaat qiling (oxirgi marta 2019-yil iyun oyida tahrir
qilingan):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_broken_window
.
↩
8. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Volume II Glasgow Edition
(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, Inc., [1776] 1981): 454. Kitob quyidagi Internet manzilida ham mavjud:
http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html
.
↩
9. F. A. Hayek, “ e Use of Knowledge in Society,” American Economic Review 35 (1945-yil sentabr): 519–530.
↩
10. Henry Hazlitt, Economics in One Lesson (New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1979): 103.
↩
11. “SCIENCE WATCH: Seat Belts and Pedestrians.” e New York Times (1985-yil 18-iyun). Section C, 9:
https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/18/science/science-watch-seat-belts-and-pedestrians.html
.
↩
310
12. Lyuksemburg: Yevropa Ittifoqi nashriyot idorasi, 2012. “ e Common Agricultural Policy—A Story to be
Continued”
http://doi.org/10.2762/35894
.
↩
13. Patrick Jomini, Pierre Boulanger, Xiao-guang Zhang, Catherine Costa, and Michelle Osborne. “ e common
agricultural policy and the French, EU and global economies,” Groupe d’Économie Mondiale (GEM), (2009-
yil oktabr. 2010-yil 2-fevralda qayta ko'rib chiqilgan):
https://ecipe.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/12/Jomini_boulanger- e_Common_Agricultural_policy_and_the_French.pdf
.
↩
14. Pierre Boulanger and Patrick Jomini. “Of the benefits to the EU of removing the Common Agricultural
Policy” Groupe d’Économie Mondiale (GEM), (2009-yil 19-noyabr. 2010-yil 2-fevralda qayta ko'rib
chiqilgan):
https://ecipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/BoulangerJomini_removingCAP112009.pdf
.
↩
15. Ushbu diagramma Hans Rosling boshlagan va hozirgi kunda uning o'g'li hamda kelini tomonidan
boshqarilayotgan ancha katta loyihadan olingan. Shunga o'xshash ko'plab diagrammalarni
https://www.gapminder.org
veb-saytida ko'rishingiz va o'zingiz ham yaratishingiz mumkin.
↩
16. Robert E. Lucas Jr., “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” Journal of Monetary Economics 22, No. 1
(1988): 3–42.
↩
17. Yalpi ichki mahsulot (YIM) jami ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulot va jami daromadlarni hisoblashda eng keng
qo'llaniladigan ko'rsatkichdir. YIM hajmining o'zgarishi iqtisodiy o'sishni hisoblashda ham keng
qo'llaniladi.
↩
18. Iqtisodiy o'sish va rivojlanishga turli omillar ta'sir ko'rsatsada, zamonaviy nuqtai nazar institutlar va
siyosatning markaziy rolini tan oladi. Zamonaviy qarashlarga Nobel mukofoti laureati Daglas Nort
[Douglass North], ingliz iqtisodchisi Piter Bauer [Peter Bauer], Massachusets texnologiya instituti
professori Daron Ajemoglu [Daron Acemoglu] va Garvard universiteti professori Jeyms Robinson [James
Robinson] lar katta hissa qo'shganlar. Ma'lumot uchun quyidagilarga murojaat qiling: Peter T. Bauer, Dissent
on Development: Studies and Debates in Development Economics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972);
D.C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1990); va Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: e Origins of Power, Prosperity, and
Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012).
↩
19. Masalan, quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Randall K. Filer and Jan Hanousek, “Output Changes and Inflationary
Bias in Transition,” Economic Systems, Vol. 24, Issue 3.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0012010.html
.
↩
20. Tom Bethell, e Noblest Triumph (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998): 10.
↩
21. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: John McMillan, Reinventing the Bazaar: A Natural
History of Markets (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002): 94–101. Makmillan [McMillan] qayd etganidek,
311
chinakkam xususiylashtirish ma'qulroqdir. Shunday bo'lsada, xususiy mulkchilik tomon harakat hali ham
«qashoqlikka qarshi kurashda dunyoda misli ko'rilmagan eng yirik dastur» edi.
↩
22. Buyvollar to'g'risida batafsilroq ma'lumot uchun quyidagida murojaat qiling: Lueck, Dean “ e
Extermination and Conservation of the American Bison” in e Journal of Legal Studies Vol. 31, No. S2, e
Evolution of Property Rights: A Conference Sponsored by the Searle Fund and Northwestern University
School of Law (2002-yil iyun), S609–S652 betlar. Odamlar ba'zi hayvon turlarini batamom qirilib ketguncha
ov qilganligi bizga ma'lum. Yo'lovchi kaptarlar bunga misol bo'ladi. Kitlar asosan yog'i uchun ov qilingan
bo'lsa, kaptarlar go'shti uchun ov qilingan. Biroq, kaptarlar go'sht bozorining arzimas qismi bo'lganligi
sababli, ularning soni kamayganda ham go'shtning narxi ularni saqlab qolish tashabbuslariga yoki go'sht
ishlab chiqarishni keng miqyosda oshishiga olib keladigan darajagacha ko'tarilmadi. Inqiroz sodir bo'lmadi.
Natijada ular batamom yo'qolib ketdi. Agar kitlar asosan yog'i uchun emas, balki faqat go'shti uchun jadal ov
qilinganda edi, ular ham qirilib ketishi mumkin edi. Biroq, kit yog'i yoritgichlar bozorida juda muhim
bo'lganligi tufayli, uning narxi keskin oshganda unga o'rinbosar topilib, kit yog'ining narxi va unga bo'lgan
talab kamaydi va bu kitlarni saqlab qoldi.
↩
23. Clair Wilcox. Competition and Monopoly in American Industry. Monograph No. 21, Temporary National
Economic Committee, Investigation of Concentration of Economic Power, 76th Cong. 3d sess. (Washington,
D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1940).
↩
24. Adam Smith. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Volume I Glasgow Edition
(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, Inc., [1776] 1981): 18. Kitobni quyidagi manzilda o'qish mumkin:
www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html
.
↩
25. World Bank, Doing Business Project (
doingbusiness.org
). “Time required to start a business (days).”
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ic.reg.durs
.
↩
26. Eng kam ish haqi bo'yicha qonunchilikning qashshoq aholiga ta'sirining batafsil tahlili uchun quyidagiga
murojaat qiling: omas MaCurdy, “How Effective Is the Minimum Wage at Supporting the Poor?” Journal of
Political Economy 123 (2015):
www.jstor.org/stable/full/10.1086/679626
.
↩
27. Bu bo'yicha ma'lumot uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Edward Bierhanzl and James Gwartney,
“Regulation, Unions, and Labor Markets,” Regulation (Summer 1998): 40–53.
↩
28. Muravyev, A., Oshchepkov, A. (2016) “ e effect of doubling the minimum wage on employment: evidence
from Russia.” IZA J Labor Develop 5, 6.
↩
29. Maria Koumenta and Mario Pagliero, 2018. “Occupational Licensing in the European Union: Coverage and
Wage Effects,” CEPR Discussion Paper 12577, CEPR Discussion Papers Series.
↩
30. Qarang: e Department of Treasury, Office of Economic Policy, Occupational Licensing: A Framework for
Policymakers, 2015; Morris M. Kleiner, “Why License a Florist?” New York Times, 2014-yil 28-may; Jacob
312
Goldstein, “So You ink You Can Be a Hair Braider?” New York Times, 2012-yil 12-iyun; and Dick M.
Carpenter II, Lisa Knepper, Angela C. Erickson, and John K. Ross, License to Work: A National Study of Burdens
from Occupational Licensing, Institute for Justice, 2012-yil may.
↩
31. Orangizdagi ziyraklar ushbu qatordagi birinchi rasm 1990 yilda, ya'ni Sovet Ittifoqi inqirozga uchrashish
arafasida bo'lgan davrda olinganligini sezadi. Bunga sovet fazo hududidan suratga olish oson bo'lmaganligi
qisman sababdir. Muhimrog'i, 1990-yildan keyingi qisqarishlar ko'p jihatdan sovet siyosatining ta'siridir.
Agar mahalliy iqtisodiyot mantiqsiz ishlab chiqarish faoliyatiga ko'maklashadigan loyihalar atrofida
yaratilsa, bunga jalb etilgan infrastrukturani va ishchi kuchi malakasini o'zgartirish juda qiyin kechadi.
Agar Kaspiy dengizidagi baliqchilarga to'satdan: «Baliq ovlash mumkin emas, boshqa ish toping» deyishsa,
ular nima qila oladilar?
↩
32. Ushbu raqamlar Center for Responsive Politics, “Lobbying: Top Spenders,” 2008-yilgi hisobotidan olingan
bo'lib, u quyidagi Internet sahifasida mavjud:
http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/top.php?indexType=s
.
(Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Peter J. Wallison and Charles W. Calomiris, “ e
Destruction of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,” American Enterprise Institute [2008], Internet sahifa manzili:
https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/the-last-trillion-dollar-commitment/
).
↩
33. Ma'lumot uchun quyidagilarga murojaat qiling: Peter Nyberg (2011) Report of the Commission of Investigation
into the Banking Sector in Ireland (Dublin)
https://merrionstreet.ie/en/News-Room/Releases/commission-of-
investigation-into-the-banking-sector.38671.shortcut.html
, va Ron Wright Strengthening the Capacity of the
Department of Finance (Dublin)
https://web.archive.org/web/20110310164641/http://www.finance.gov.ie/documents/publications/reports/
2011/deptreview.pdf
.
↩
34. Kredit kartalar (va debit kartalar) pul emasligini esda tuting. Kredit karta avtomatik ravishda kredit olish
vositasi bo'lib, u tezda qaytarilganda unga foiz hisoblanmaydi. Debit karta esa, bank hisob raqamidagi
haqiqiy pul hisoblangan mablag'larni o'tkazishning oddiy usuli hisoblanadi.
↩
35. Albatta, iqtisodchilar aytmoqchi bo'lganidek, «korrelyatsiya sababni anglatmaydi». Ehtimol, yuqori
inflyatsiyani boshdan kechirayotgan mamlakatlar shunga javoban ko'proq pul bosib chiqarayotgandirlar.
Biroq, mukammal ma'lumotlar tahlili pulning haddan tashqari ko'p chiqarilishi (odatda, davlat xarajatlarini
soliqlarni oshirmasdan moliyalashtirish uchun) inflyatsiyaga olib keladi degan xulosani qat'iy tasdiqlaydi.
Milton Fridman aytganidek: «inflyatsiya har doim va hamma joyda monetar hodisadir».
↩
36. Frye, T. (2002). “ e Perils of Polarization: Economic Performance in the Postcommunist World.” World
Politics, 54(3), 308–337.
http://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2002.0008
.
↩
37. Post-kommunist mamlakatlarda YIMning haqiqiy qisqargan miqdorini hisoblash juda qiyin. Markaziy
rejalashtirish tizimida ishlab chiqaruvchilar belgilangan rejani bajarish uchun ishlab chiqarilgan
mahsulotlar miqdorini oshirib ko'rsatishga moyil edi. Bozor iqtisodiyoti sharoitlarida esa, ular soliqdan
313
qochish maqsadida ma'lumotlarni kamaytirib ko'rsatishdan manfaatdor bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, raqobat
muhitida iste'molchilarning ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun sifat yaxshilanishini o'lchashning iloji deyarli
bo'lmagan. Masalan, quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Randall Filer and Jan Hanousek (2003) “Output Changes
and Inflationary Bias in Transition”, Economic Systems, Vol. 24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1516073
.
↩
38. Anders Aslund. Ukraine: What Went Wrong and How to Fix It. (Peterson Instituti, 2015), 48–49.
↩
39. Qarang:
https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/methodology/paying-taxes
↩
40. Jahon banki «bir mamlakat, ikki tizim» g'oyasiga jiddiy qaraydi va Gonkongning soliq tizimini Xitoy
materigidan bo'lak baholaydi.
↩
41. Henry George, Protection or Free Trade (New York: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, 1980).
↩
42. Ish o'rinlarini «saqlab qoluvchilar»ning ko'pchiligi go'yoki xorijliklar tovarlarni yetkazib berishni istaydi-
yu, lekin dollar yoki yevroda olgan daromadlariga ular hech narsa xarid qilmaydigandek harakat qiladilar.
Aslida esa unday emas. Agar xorijliklar mahsulotlarni Amerikaliklarga dollarga yoki Evropaliklarga yevroga
sotsa, lekin olingan dollar yoki yevrolarni mahsulot xarid qilish uchun ishlatmasa, bu xuddi Amerikaliklar
yoki Evropaliklar import uchun chek yozib bergan-u, lekin chekni hech kim naqd pulga almashtirmaganga
yoki milliy qahramonlar rasmi tushirilgan (Qo'shma Shtatlari banknotalari) yohud xayoliy ko'priklar rasmi
chizilgan (yevro banknotalari) chiroyli qog'ozlarni eksport qilganga o'xshaydi. Bu chakki bo'lmasdi,
to'g'rimi? Haqiqatda esa, import qilingan tovar va xizmatlarni ishlab chiqarganlar olgan cheklarini naqd
pulga almashtiradilar. Ularga qog'ozlarning o'zi kerak emas, balki istagan narsalarni sotib olish yoki ishlab
chiqarish aktivlariga investitsiya qilish uchun ushbu qog'ozlarning xarid qobiliyati kerak. Ular ko'pincha
Amerika yoki Evropa eksport mahsulotlarini sotib olishni istaydilar. Demak, import eksportga bo'lgan
talabni keltirib chqarishga yordamlashadi.
↩
43. Valyuta kursi bozor kuchlari orqali belgilansa, u xorijdan xarid qilingan tovarlar, xizmatlar va aktivlarni
(jumladan, real va moliyaviy aktivlar, masalan, obligatsiyalar) xorijga qilingan mahsulotlar eksporti bilan
muvozanatga keltiradi. Oxirgi bir necha o'n yilliklarda Qo'shma Shtatlarida tovar va xizmatlar importi
muntazam ravishda eksport hajmidan oshib kelgan. Agar valyuta kursi bozor orqali belgilansa, bu kabi
tashqi savdo defitsiti asosan ayni hajmdagi kapital oqimi hisobidan qoplanadi. Mamlakatga kapitalning
oqib kelishi
(?)
foiz stavkalarini pasaytiradi, investitsiyani oshiradi va qo'shimcha ish o'rinlarini
ko'paytiradi. Demak, hatto ushbu holatda ham, bandlik darajasiga salbiy ta'sir bo'lishini kutishga sabab yo'q.
1980–2005-yillar mobaynida savdo defitsitlari mavjud bo'lib kelgan bo'lsa ham, Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi
bandlik soni 35 milliondan ko'pga oshgan.
↩
44. Ushbu mantiq «autsorsing»ga, ya'ni xarajatlarni qisqartirish maqsadida ba'zi faoliyatlarni xorijda amalga
oshirishga ham tegishli. Agar faoliyatni chet elda arzonroq amalga oshirish mumkin bo'lsa, bu mahalliy
resurslarni bo'shatib, ulardan samaraliroq faoliyatlarda foydalanish mumkin bo'ladi. Natijada, ishlab
chiqarish hajmi va daromadlar darajasi oshadi.
↩
314
45. «Arzon» bu «sifatsiz» degani emas. Biz sifat darajasini o'zgarmas darajada ushlab turibmiz. Iqtisodchilar
uchun turli sifatdagi buyumlar boshqa-boshqa mahsulot hisoblanadi. «West Texas Intermediate» ne i
«Louisiana Light» ne idan boshqa mahsulot, xuddi «Mersedes» va «Kia» shunchaki oddiy «avtomobil»
emas, balki turli mahsolut bo'lgani kabi.
↩
46. S. Hong, H. Han, and C.S. Kim, “World distribution of income for 1970–2010,” Empirical Economics (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01657-w
.
↩
47. Parcha quyidagi manbadan olingan: Frank Whitson Fetter, “Congressional Tariff eory,” American Economic
Review, 23 (September 1933): 413–27.
↩
48. Douglas A. Irwin, “GATT’s contribution to economic recovery in post-war Western Europe” in: Europe’s
Postwar Recovery, ed. B. Eichengreen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995): 127–150. Chizmalar
to'g'risida batafsilroq ma'lumot uchun ushbu kitobga murojaat qiling.
↩
49. O'sha yerda, 7-bet.
↩
50. O'sha yerda, 2-bet.
↩
51. Masalan, quyidagiga murojaat qling: Havrylyshyn, and Tupy (2016) “25 Years of Reforms in Ex‐Communist
Countries: Fast and Extensive Reforms Led to Higher Growth and More Political Freedom,” CATO Institute
Policy Analysis No. 795.
↩
52. Ushbu raqamlar taqqoslash maqsadida 2011-yil uchun raqamlar «xalqaro dollarda» ko'rsatilgan. Xalqaro
dollar turli mamlakatlardagi narxlar o'rtasidagi farqni hisobga oladi.
↩
53. Jeyms Byukenen [James Buchanan] jamiyat tanlovi iqtisodiyoti rivojiga qo'shqan hissasi uchun 1986-yilda
iqtisodiyot bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti bilan taqdirlangan. Jamiyat tanlovi tahlili bo'yicha aniq va batafsil
ma'lumot uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Randy Simmons, Beyond Politics: e Roots of Government
Failure (Oakland, California: e Independent Institute, 2011).
↩
54. Ko'pchilik farovonlik iqtisodiy nazariyasining otasi deb hisoblagan A. C. Pigu ham xuddi shunday xulosaga
keladi. 1932-yilda chop etilgan o'zining «Farovonlik iqtisodiy nazariyasi» deb nomlangan klassik kitobida
(2-bob, 20-qism, 4-paragraf) Pigu quyidagicha yozadi: «Erkin tadbirkorlarning nomukammal bo'lgan
moslashishlarini iqtisodchilar o'z tadqiqotlarida o'ylab topgan eng yaxshi moshlashtirish tizimi bilan
solishtirishning o'zi kifoya emas. Chunki hech bir davlat xodimi o'sha idealga erishishini, hattoki unga
intilishini ham umid qila olmaymiz. Bunday xodimlar nodonlikka, turli bosimlarga va manfaatdor guruhlar
tufayli korruptsiyaga moyil bo'lishlari mumkin. Ovoz berish uchun uyushgan saylovchilar ko'pchilik
ovozini osongina o'zgartirishga erishishlari mumkin».
↩
55. omas Sowell, Is Reality Optimal and Other Essays (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1993).
↩
56. Qarang: Jared Meyer and Preston Cooper, “Sugar Subsidies Are a Bitter Deal for American Consumers,”
Economic Policies for the 21st Century at the Manhattan Institute, Manhattan Institute (2014-yil 23-iyun).
315
economics21.org/commentary/sugar-subsidies-are-bitter-deal-american-consumers
. Yaqin o'tgan yillarda
shirinlik ishlab chiqaruvchilar va shakardan foydalanuvchi boshqa yirik korxonalar shakarni jahon
narxlarida sotib olish mumkin bo'lgan Kanada, Meksika va boshqa mamlakatlarga kuchib o'tyaptilar. Savdo
bo'yicha oldingi muhokamamizni davom ettirsak, shakar ishlab chiqaruvchi sanoat tarmoqlarida «ish
o'rinlarining saqlab qolinishiga» yordam bergan import cheklovlari boshqa sanoat tarmoqlarida, ayniqsa,
shakar asosiy hom ashyo hisoblangan sohalarda, ish o'rinlarining yo'qotilishiga olib keldi.
↩
57. Jeffrey Frankel, “ e arguments against food and energy subsidies,” World Economic Forum, August 18,
2014.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/08/food-energy-subsidies-egypt-india-indonesia
.
↩
58. Qarang: Holman W. Jenkins Jr., “How Uber Won the Big Apple,” Wall Street Journal, 2015-yil 24-iyul.
http://www.wsj.com/articles/how-uber-won-the-big-apple-1437778176
.
↩
59. Qarang: John Voelcker, «Where Can Tesla Legally Sell Cars Directly To You? State-By-State Map: LATEST
UPDATE». Green Car Reports, 2015-yil 22-april, n.p.
www.greencarreports.com/news/1095337_where-can-
tesla-legally-sell-cars-directly-to-you-state-by-state-map
; Phil Kerpen, “Tesla and Its Subsidies.” National
Review Online, 2015-yil 26-yanvar, n.p.
http://www.nationalreview.com/article/397162/tesla-and-its-
subsidies-phil-kerpen
.
↩
60. James Buchanan, e Deficit and American Democracy (Memphis: P. K. Steidman Foundation, 1984).
↩
61. Ashley Kirk, “European debt crisis: It’s not just Greece that’s drowning in debt,” Daily Telegraph, 2017-yil 8-
fevral.
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/european-debt-crisis-not-just-greece-drowning-debt
.
↩
62. Ushbu misol uchun Shimoliy Karolina shtati Universitetining iqtisod fanlari bo'yicha professori E. C.
Pasurga [E. C. Pasour Jr.] o'z minnatdorchiligimizni izhor qilamiz.
↩
63. Eurostat, Statistics Explained, “Government expenditure on social protection.”
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Government_expenditure_on_social_protection
.
↩
64. Eurostat, Statistics Explained, “Population structure and ageing.”
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Population_structure_and_ageing
.
↩
65. James R. Schlesinger, “Systems Analysis and the Political Process,” Journal of Law & Economics (1968-yil
oktabr): 281.
↩
66. World Bank, “Subsidies and other transfers (% of expense),” International Monetary Fund, Government
Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.XPN.TRFT.ZS
.
↩
67. Eurostat, Statistics Explained, “Total general government expenditure on social protection, 2016 (% of GDP
% of total expenditure.”
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?
title=File:Total_general_government_expenditure_on_social_protection,_2016_(%25_of_GDP_%25_of_total
_expenditure).png
.
↩
316
68. Boshqalar buni lord Tomas Makoleyga tegishli deb hisoblaydi. Haqiqiy muallifni aniqlashning iloji yo'q.
Ushbu mavzu bo'yicha qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Loren Collins, “ e
Truth About Tytler” Internet sahifa manzili:
http://www.lorencollins.net/tytler.html
.
↩
69. Ushbu masalaning batafsil tahlili uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: James Gwartney and Richard Stroup,
“Transfers, Equality, and the Limits of Public Policy,” Cato Journal, (1986-yilning bahori/yozi).
↩
70. Misol uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Anna Kiersztyn, “Stuck in a mismatch? e persistence of
overeducation during twenty years of the post-communist transition in Poland,” Economics of Education
Review, 32:1 (2013), 78–91 betlar.
↩
71. Bu bo'yicha ma'lumot uchun quyidagilarga murojaat qiling: Lawrence Katz and Bruce Meyer, “ e Impact of
the Potential Duration of Unemployment Benefits on the Duration of Unemployment,” Journal of Public
Economics 41, No. 1 (1990-yil fevral): 45–72 betlar. Bundan tashqari, Daniel Aaronson, Bhashkar Mazumder,
and Shani Schechter, “What Is Behind the Rise in Long-Term Unemployment?” Federal Reserve Bank of
Chicago, Economic Perspectives (2010-yil, 2-chorak): 28–51 betlar.
↩
72. Federal Safety Net, “Poverty and Spending Over the Years.” Raqamlar kambag'al aholi uchun tibbiy sug'urta
(Medicaid) xarajatlarini hisobga olmaydi.
http://federalsafetynet.com/poverty-and-spending-over-the-
years.html
.
↩
73. OECD Data (2019), “Financial disincentive to return to work” (indicator).
http://doi.org/10.1787/3ef6e9d7-
en
.
↩
74. Seymore Drescher, inglizchaga tajimon (London: Civitas, 1997): 27–28.
↩
75. Ron Haskins and Isabel V. Sawhill, Opportunity Society (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2009).
↩
76. Kato instituti xodimi Maykl Tannernig qayd etishicha, Qo'shma Shtatlarida davlat imtiyozlarining atigi
30%, xususiy xayriya tashkilotlarining esa shu kabi dasturlar bo'yicha ajratgan mablag'larining 82% o'z
manfaatdorlariga yetib boradi.
↩
77. Adam Smith, e eory of Moral Sentiments, Glasgow Edition of Oxford University Press (Indianapolis:
Liberty Fund, Inc., [1790] 1976): 233–34. Kitob quyidagi Internet manzilida ham mavjud:
https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smMS.html?chapter_num=7 - book-reader
.
↩
78. Friedrich Hayek, “Pretence of Knowledge.” Nobel Prize Lecture in Economics. Stockholm, Sweden. 1974-yil
11-dekabr.
↩
79. Jeffrey Frankel, “ e arguments against food and energy subsidies,” World Economic Forum, August 18,
2014.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/08/food-energy-subsidies-egypt-india-indonesia
.
↩
317
80. Oby Ezekwesili, “Why we need to end fisheries subsidies,” World Economic Forum, 2015-yil 2-oktabr.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/why-we-need-to-end-fisheries-subsidies
.
↩
81. Omnipotent Government: e Rise of the Total State and Total War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944).
↩
82. M. Czaika and C.R. Parsons, “ e Gravity of High-Skilled Migration Policies,” Demography, 54 (2017): 603-
bet.
↩
83. Freidman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
↩
84. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: George Dearborn & Co., Adlard and Saunders, 1835):
1-Hajm, 5-Bob. Biz Qo'shma Shtatlarining mahalliy hokimiyatni boshqarish vakolati bugungi kunda qay
darajada saqlab qolganini muhokama qilmaymiz. Bu munozarali masala.
↩
85. 2019-yilning oxirida professor Milovanov Pitsburg Universitetida professorlik lavozimidan Ukraina
hukumatida Iqtisodiyot, savdo va qishloq xo'jaligini rivojlantirish vaziri lavozimiga ishga o'tdi va shu
lavozimda 2020-yilning mart oyigacha xizmat qildi.
↩
86. Qarang: Stefan Voigt, Stefan, Jerg Gutmann, and Lars P. Feld (2015) “Economic growth and judicial
independence, a dozen years on: Cross-country evidence using an updated Set of indicators,” European
Journal of Political Economy 38, 197–211 betlar.
↩
87. Albatta, yuzni aniqlash texnologiyasi dissidentlarni yoki ozchilik aholini kuzatishda foydalanilgani kabi
yangi texnologiyalar qatag'on quroli sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
↩
88. YIga a'zo bo'lish istiqboli post-kommunist mamlakatlardagi islohotlar muvaffaqiyatiga ta'siri to'g'risidagi
muhokama uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Oleh Havrylyshyn, Present at the Transition, 6-qism
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).
↩
89. “Buy any deans necessary, Letting academics pick magistrates has not worked in Guatemala,” e Economist
(2019-yil 25-iyul): 37.
https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/07/25/letting-academics-pick-
magistrates-has-not-worked-in-guatemala
.
↩
90. Shuningdek, Yogi: «Agar yo'l ayrilishiga kelsangiz, o'sha yo'ldan yuring», deb ham maslahat bergan.
↩
91. Amerika tadbirkorlar instituti prezidenti Artur Bruks [Arthur Brooks] baxtning asosiy omillarini
o'rganuvchi yetakchi tadqiqotchilardan biri hisoblanadi. Uning qarashlari to'g'risida qisqacha ma'lumot
uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: “A Formula for Happiness,” New York Times, 2013-yil 14-dekabr. Internet
sahifa manzili:
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/opinion/sunday/a-formula-for-happiness.html
.
↩
92. Ko'p hollarda iste'molchilar qadrlagan narsalar bilan «markazlashgan rejalashtirish organlari» qadrlanishi
lozim deb topgan narsalar o'rtasida farq borga o'xshaydi. 2019-yilda dunyodagi eng yosh milliarder Kayli
Jenner edi. Biz unga tegishli lab bo'yoq mahsulotiga baho bermoqchi emasmiz, ammo minglab boshqa
318
mahsulot turlari mavjud bo'lishiga qaramasdan, odamlar aynan shu lab bo'yog'ini tanlashiga e'tiborni
qaratmoqchimiz.
↩
93. Qarang: Michael Akers and Grover Porter “What is Emotional Intelligence (EQ)?” Internet sahifa manzili:
http://psychcentral.com/lib/what-is-emotional-intelligence-eq/
.
↩
94. Insoniy hislatlar bilan iqtisodiy muvaffaqiyat o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni o'rgangan birinchi tadqiqotlardan
birini ushbu kitob mualliflaridan biri olib borgan. Qarang: Randall K. Filer, “ e Influence of Affective
Human Capital on the Wage Equation,” in Ronald Ehrenberg, ed., Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 4
(Greenwich: JAI Press, 1981).
↩
95. eresa Harold, “How a former Soviet state became one of the world’s most advanced digital nations,”
Alphr.com, (2017-yil 30-oktabr)
http://www.alphr.com/technology/1007520/how-a-former-soviet-state-
became-one-of-the-worlds-most-advanced-digital-nations
.
↩
96. Adidas AG, Financial Publications:
https://www.adidas-group.com/en/investors/financial-reports
.
↩
97. Michael Jarrett and Quy Nguyen Huy, “IKEA’s Success Can’t Be Attributed to One Charismatic Leader,”
Harvard Business Review (
hbr.org
), 2018-yil 2-fevral.
https://hbr.org/2018/02/ikeas-success-cant-be-
attributed-to-one-charismatic-leader
.
↩
98. e World Bank, “Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate),” International
Labour Organization, ILOSTAT ma'lumotlar ba'zasidan 2019-yil aprel oyida olingan.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.SELF.ZS
.
↩
99. Janene Pieters, “A Fi h Of Dutch Millionaires Are Farmers,” NLTimes.NL, 2017-yil 12-sentabr.
https://nltimes.nl/2017/09/12/fi h-dutch-millionaires-farmers
.
↩
100. Bruno Dallago, Kier Discussion Paper No. 968, “Diverging Paths of Entrepreneurship in Post-Transformation
Countries, a Comparative View”; Kyoto Institute of Economic Research, 2017-yil mart.
http://www.kier.kyoto-u.ac.jp/DP/DP968.pdf
.
↩
101. Tomas Stenli [ omas Stanley] va Uilyam Danko [William D. Danko] o'zlarining mashhur «Qo'shnim
millioner» (Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1996) kitobida millionerlarga eng xos umumiy fazilat ularning uzoq
muddat davomida tejab hayot kechirishlaridadir, deb qayd etadilar. Ularning yarmidan ko'pi hech qanday
meros olmagan, 20 foizdan kamrog'i esa boyliklarining kamida 10 foizini merosdan olganlar.
↩
102. Qarang: “Your Top Debt Management Questions Answered.” Dave Ramsey. N.p., 2014-yil 25-oktabr. Internet
manzili:
https://www.daveramsey.com/blog/the-truth-about-debt-management
.
↩
103. Kredit kartasi bilan xarajat qilishga ishtiyoqlarini jilovlash uchun ba'zilarga ijodiy usullar kerak. Agar siz
ham shunga moyil bo'lsangiz, iqtisodchi va moliyaviy masalalar bo'yicha maslahatchi Uilyam S. Vud kredit
kartangizni muzlatgich ichiga qo'yishni maslahat beradi. Muz eriguncha sizning xarid qilishga
ishtiyoqingiz ham sovushi mumkin.
↩
319
104. Justin Higginbottom, “Governments Finally Embrace e Sharing Economy,”
Ozy.com
, 2018-yil 30-sentabr.
https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/governments-finally-embrace-the-sharing-economy/89688
.
↩
105. Professor Uilyam Vud [William C. Wood] bularni «SIT xarajatlari» deb ataydi. Vudga ko'ra «SIT ikki
narsani: (1) kutilmagan to'lov haqida hisob kelganda, o'tirishni (sit down); hamda (2) kutilmagan hodisalar,
sug'urta va soliqlarni anglatadi (surprises, insurance, taxes — inglizchada SIT deb qisqartirish mumkin)».
↩
106. Bundan tashqari, ba'zi musulmonlar uchun shariat qoidalariga binoan foiz to'lovlari to'lashga ruxsat
berilmaganligi sababli, elementning oxirida tasvirlanganidek, shu kabi maqsadga erishuvchi daromad
foydani bo'lishish shaklini oladi.
↩
107. Nils-Gerrit Wunsch, “Retail price of a premium pack of 20 cigarettes in selected European countries in 2017
(in GBP),” 2019-yil 3-aprel.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/415034/cigarette-prices-across-europe.
↩
108. Hisob-kitoblarimizda investitsiyangizning yillik rentabelligi 7 foiz deb faraz qilingan. Shunday bo'lmasligi
aniq. Hattoki o'rtacha yillik rentabellik 7 foiz atrofida bo'lsa ham, ushbu rentabellik yildan-yilga o'zgaradi.
Bu pensiyaga chiqqanizgacha jamg'arilgan miqdorga ta'sir qilishi mumkin, lekin bu farq odatda kichik
bo'ladi.
↩
109. Bu o'rtacha rentabellik Qo'shma Shtatlari bozorlariga xos, ammo boshqa rivojlangan mamlakatlarda ham
rentabellik shu darajaga yaqin. Masalan, agar rentabellik Buyuk Britaniyada Qo'shma Shtatlariga qaraganda
balandroq bo'lganda edi, unda xalqaro investorlar mablag'larini to rentabellik darajasi tenglashgunga qadar
Buyuk Britaniyaga ko'chiradilar. Agar mamlakatdagi obligatsiyalar rentabelligi doimiy yuqori darajada
bo'lsa, unda bu holat investorlar uchun shu mamlakatda (masalan, qarzni to'lash qobiliyati yoki valyuta
qadrsizlanishi bilan bog'liq) yuqori risk borligini anglatadi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, davlat obligatsiyalari
bo'yicha yuqori rentabellik darajasi samarasiz davlat boshqaruvining belgisidir. 7 foiz (inflyatsiyani hisobga
olgandan keyin) real rentabellik darajasi Dell va Microso kabilar aksiyalarining rentabellik darajasiga
solishtirganda uncha katta tuyulmasligi mumkin. Biroq 7 foiz murakkab yillik rentabellik darajasi
(?)
sizning jamg'armangiz har o'n yilda ikki baravar ko'payishini anglatadi. Jamg‘arma hisob raqamlari va pul
bozori investitsiya fondlari bo'yicha kuzatilgan 2 foizga teng stavkada (soliq to'lovlaridan keyin)
mablag'larngizning ikki baravar ko'payishi uchun 35 yil talab etiladi. Izoh: Mablag'ingizning boshqa foiz
stavkalarida ikki baravar ko'payishiga necha yil talab etilishini hisoblash uchun 70 sonini foiz stavkasiga
(yillik o'rtacha rentabellik darajasiga) bo'ling. Bu gohida «70 qoidasi», aniqrog'i «72 qoidasi» deb ataladi.
↩
110. Krystyna Krzyzak, “CEE: A System In Flux,” Investment & Pensions Europe, 2018-yil yanvar (jurnal).
https://www.ipe.com/pensions/country-reports/cee/cee-a-system-in-flux/10022463.article
.
↩
111. Christopher Jarvis, “ e Rise and Fall of Albania’s Pyramid Schemes,” Finance & Development, XVFning
choraklik jurnali, 2000-yil mart, 37-hajm, 1-son.
320
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ /fandd/2000/03/jarvis.htm
.
↩
112. Ma'lum bir jamg'arma nomini aytib o'tganimizda ular boshqalariga nisbatan ma'qulroq demoqchi emasmiz.
Investitsiya qilishdan oldin o'zingiz yaxshilab o'rganib chiqishingiz kerak. O'zingizning kelajagingizga
investitsiya qilayotganingizni yodda tuting.
↩
113. Dimitar Boyadzhiev et al., Morningstar Manager Research EMEA, “Morningstar’s European Active/Passive
Barometer,” 2019-yil fevral.
https://www.morningstar.com/en-uk/lp/european-active-passive-barometer
.
↩
114. Qarang: Jeremy J. Siegal, Stocks for the Long Run, 3rd edition (New York: McGraw Hill, 2002): 342–43.
↩
115. Qarang: Burton G. Malkiel, A Random Walk Down Wall Street: e Time Tested Strategy for Successful Investing
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2015): 177–78.
↩
116. Qarang: Burton G. Malkiel, A Random Walk Down Wall Street: e Time-Tested Strategy for Successful Investing
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003): 189–190. Pay fondi biror muddat davomida yuqori daromad
keltirishi uning kelajakda ham shunday darajaga erishishiga ishonch yo'qligi bo'yicha qo'shimcha ma'lumot
uchun quyidagi manbaga murojaat qiling: Mark M. Carhart, “On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance,”
e Journal of Finance 52, No. 1 (1997-yil mart): 57–82.
↩
117. Qarang: Burton G. Malkiel, A Random Walk Down Wall Street: e Time-Tested Strategy for Successful Investing
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003): 180–181.
↩
118. Abraham Okusanya, “Lessons from 118 years of asset class returns data,” FinalytiQ, 2018-yil 28-mart.
https://finalytiq.co.uk/lessons-118-years-capital-market-return-data/
.
↩
119. Hatto indeks fondlariga investitsiya qiladiganlar ham mutaxassislardan maslahat olishlari lozim. Soliq va
yuridik sabablarga ko'ra, masalan kechiktirilgan soliq to'lovlaridan foydalanish, vasiyatnoma qoldirish yoki
mulk egaligini boshqalarga vaqtinchalik topshirish, oqilona sug'urta rejasini tanlash va hokazolar
mutaxassislar maslahatini talab qiladi.
↩
120. Qarang: Liqun Liu, Andrew J. Rettenmaier, and Zijun Wang, “Social Security and Market Risk,” National
Center for Policy Analysis Working Paper, No. 244, 2001-yil iyul.
↩
121. Inflyatsiyaga qarshi indekslangan obligatsiyalar boshqa mamlakatlar qatori Buyuk Britaniya, Germaniya,
Rossiya Federatsiyasi va Shvetsiyada ham chiqariladi.
↩
122. OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs: Pension systems: “Ukraine: Pension system
profile.”
https://www.oecd.org/countries/ukraine/45336467.pdf
.
↩
123. OECD Project on Financial Incentives and Retirement Savings, Policy Brief N°1, “ e tax treatment of
retirement savings in private pension plans,” 2018-yil dekabr.
https://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/private-
pensions/Tax-treatment-of-retirement-savings-Policy-Brief-1.pdf
.
↩
321
124. Tranio, “Real estate agency commission rates in different countries,” 2017-yil 18-sentabr.
https://tranio.com/articles/real_estate_agents_commissions_in_various_countries
.
↩
125. Bank for International Settlements, Joint Forum, “Mortgage insurance: market structure, underwriting
cycle and policy implications,” 2013-yil avgust.
https://www.bis.org/publ/joint33.pdf
.
↩
126. Eurostat, “Mean and median income by educational attainment level–EU-SILC survey.” Ma'lumot 2019-yil
27-avgustda yangilangan.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/ILC_DI08
.
↩
127. Pay Scale, Inc. College Salary Report Updated for 2019. Quyidagi Internet sahifasidan olindi:
www.payscale.com/college-salary-report/majors-that-pay-you-back/bachelors
.
↩
128. Bitcoin.org, “Avoid Scams: Familiarize yourself with some of the most commonly observed bitcoin scams to
help protect yourself and your finances—Free Giveaways.”
https://bitcoin.org/en/scams#free-giveaways
.
↩
129. Xolis tanga otilganda uning ikkala tomondan biri bilan tushish ehtimoli 50 foizga teng. «Bosh» va «orqa»
tomonlar deganda tangada qirol, qirolicha yoki prezidentlar qiyofasi aks ettirilgani tushuniladi (bu
tanganing «bosh» tomoni). Yevro tangasida esa milliy ramzlar aks ettirilgan tomoni «bosh» tomon
hisoblanadi. Qizig'i shundaki, ba'zi tadqiqotlarga ko'ra, yevro tangalar «xolis» bo'lmay, ular ko'proq bosh
tomoni bilan tushadi. (Agar siz shunga asoslanib pul yutqazib qo'ysangiz, mualliflar bunga javobgar emas
☺
).
↩
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